4 research outputs found

    New method for determination of temperature in spallation reactions

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    We propose a new method for determination of temperature in spallation events. It is shown that temperature can be determined by applying the friction model of energy dissipation in participant-spectator model of a spallation process. First order estimate of temperature dependence of the participant zone on reaction Q-value is obtained from the Fermi gas model considerations. The heat diffusion process is also discussed

    Methods for calculating coincidence summing effects for gamma spectroscopy

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    Π£ овој Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡΠΊΠΎΡ˜ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎ јС ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ којС сС Ρ˜Π°Π²Ρ™Π° Ρƒ Π³Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ. РазвијСн јС Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π±Ρ€Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜Π°ΡšΠ° Ρƒ Π³Π°ΠΌΠ° спСктрима Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… сС каскадна Π΄Π΅Π΅ΠΊΡΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρ˜Π΅Π·Π³Ρ€Π° одвија истоврСмСно са каскадном Π΄Π΅Π΅ΠΊΡΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ атомског ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‡Π°. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ јС ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡšΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Ρ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡƒΠΌΠ° 139Ce, ΠΊΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Ρ‚Π° 57Co, Π±Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡƒΠΌΠ° 133Ba ΠΈ Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ˜ΡƒΠΌΠ° 152Eu. Π•Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° сС распадом Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Ρ˜Π΅Π·Π³Ρ€Π° Ρƒ каскадним ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ˜Ρƒ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ вишС Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°, Ρƒ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΌ врСмСнском ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π»Ρƒ, ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ›Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡšΠ° Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°, Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚, Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½Ρƒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° Ρ›Π΅ СнСргСтски трансфСр прСдстављати суму трансфСра ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° (сумациони ΠΏΠΈΠΊ). Π’ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ›Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜Π° Ρƒ сумационом ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ смањСња ΠΎΠ΄Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜Π° Ρƒ Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° каскадних Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ приступа ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° дајС могућност Π΄Π° сС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ сви сумациони ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ који сС ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Ρƒ спСктру. Овим приступом сС ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ активност ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ€Π° Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°, ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ јС Π²Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΎ Ρƒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°. Односно, Π½Π° основу врСдности ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Ρƒ спСктру ΠΈ познавањСм Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ›Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ’Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° Ρ˜Π΅Π·Π³Ρ€Π°, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›Π΅ јС ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ Сфикасности Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ активност Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ€Π°. Π”ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° јС ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π΅Ρ›ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π° Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° ΡƒΠ²ΠΎΡ’Π΅ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° са Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ. Нов Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ приступ који смо Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ описан јС Ρƒ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²Ρ™Ρƒ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Након Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ сС Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ систСм Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Ρ€Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜Π°ΡšΠ° Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Сфикасности Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ активности Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°. Π—Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° јС ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π°Π½ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ дајС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‡ΡƒΠ½ доприноса Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ°. ΠŸΠΎΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ сС Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π½Π° јаснији Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½, Π½ΠΎΠ² приступ јС ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ лакши Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρƒ ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρƒ. Π”ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρƒ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° који сС користС Ρƒ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ СкспСримСнтима. Π”Π°Ρ‚ јС Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ™Π°Π½ опис ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°...This thesis considers the coincidence summing that occurs in gamma spectroscopy. A new method has been developed for deriving the counting rate for gamma spectra of radionuclides in which the nucleus de-excitation cascade takes place simultaneously with the cascade de-excitation of the atomic layer. This method is successfully applied to the decay of radionuclides 139Ce, 57Co, 133Ba and 152Eu. The coincidence summing effects occur whenever two or more cascading photons are emitted from the same nucleus and detected within the resolving time of spectrometer. As a result, the spectrometer treats them as one interaction, so that the energy transfer represents the sum of the transfers of individual interactions (summation peak). This leads to an increase of counts in summation peaks as well as the reduction of counts in full-energy peaks of casscading photons. The application of analytical approaches to coincidence summing effects makes it possible to predict all summation peaks that occur in the spectrum. This approach also allows us to determine the activity of sources directly without calibration of the detector, which is very important in metrology of radionuclides. Accordingly, based on the value of the peak area in the spectrum and knowledge of probability transitions between excited states of a nucleus, it is possible to determine the efficiency of detection and activity of radioactive sources. The dissertation includes an analysis and modification of the existing methods for solving the problems of coincidence summarizing by introducing the new method with simpler algebra. The new analytical approach that we have developed is described in the sixth chapter of the thesis. Following simple arithmetic operations, the system counting rate equation can be obtained for the determination of the detection efficiency and radionuclide activity. The importance of the new method is that it gives, in a simple way, an estimate of contribution of coincidence summing effects. Since the results are obtained in a clearer way, the new approach is much easier for practical use. The dissertation also..

    Methods for calculating coincidence summing effects for gamma spectroscopy

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    Π£ овој Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡΠΊΠΎΡ˜ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎ јС ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ којС сС Ρ˜Π°Π²Ρ™Π° Ρƒ Π³Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ. РазвијСн јС Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π±Ρ€Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜Π°ΡšΠ° Ρƒ Π³Π°ΠΌΠ° спСктрима Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… сС каскадна Π΄Π΅Π΅ΠΊΡΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρ˜Π΅Π·Π³Ρ€Π° одвија истоврСмСно са каскадном Π΄Π΅Π΅ΠΊΡΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ атомског ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‡Π°. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ јС ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡšΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Ρ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡƒΠΌΠ° 139Ce, ΠΊΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Ρ‚Π° 57Co, Π±Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡƒΠΌΠ° 133Ba ΠΈ Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ˜ΡƒΠΌΠ° 152Eu. Π•Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° сС распадом Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Ρ˜Π΅Π·Π³Ρ€Π° Ρƒ каскадним ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ˜Ρƒ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ вишС Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°, Ρƒ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΌ врСмСнском ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π»Ρƒ, ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ›Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡšΠ° Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°, Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚, Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½Ρƒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° Ρ›Π΅ СнСргСтски трансфСр прСдстављати суму трансфСра ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° (сумациони ΠΏΠΈΠΊ). Π’ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ›Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜Π° Ρƒ сумационом ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ смањСња ΠΎΠ΄Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜Π° Ρƒ Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° каскадних Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ приступа ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° дајС могућност Π΄Π° сС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ сви сумациони ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ који сС ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Ρƒ спСктру. Овим приступом сС ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ активност ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ€Π° Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°, ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ јС Π²Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΎ Ρƒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°. Односно, Π½Π° основу врСдности ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Ρƒ спСктру ΠΈ познавањСм Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ›Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ’Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° Ρ˜Π΅Π·Π³Ρ€Π°, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›Π΅ јС ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ Сфикасности Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ активност Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ€Π°. Π”ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° јС ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π΅Ρ›ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π° Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° ΡƒΠ²ΠΎΡ’Π΅ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° са Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ. Нов Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ приступ који смо Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ описан јС Ρƒ ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²Ρ™Ρƒ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Након Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ сС Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ систСм Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Ρ€Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜Π°ΡšΠ° Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Сфикасности Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ активности Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°. Π—Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° јС ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π°Π½ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ дајС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‡ΡƒΠ½ доприноса Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡƒΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ°. ΠŸΠΎΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ сС Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π½Π° јаснији Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½, Π½ΠΎΠ² приступ јС ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ лакши Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρƒ ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρƒ. Π”ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρƒ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° који сС користС Ρƒ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ СкспСримСнтима. Π”Π°Ρ‚ јС Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ™Π°Π½ опис ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°...This thesis considers the coincidence summing that occurs in gamma spectroscopy. A new method has been developed for deriving the counting rate for gamma spectra of radionuclides in which the nucleus de-excitation cascade takes place simultaneously with the cascade de-excitation of the atomic layer. This method is successfully applied to the decay of radionuclides 139Ce, 57Co, 133Ba and 152Eu. The coincidence summing effects occur whenever two or more cascading photons are emitted from the same nucleus and detected within the resolving time of spectrometer. As a result, the spectrometer treats them as one interaction, so that the energy transfer represents the sum of the transfers of individual interactions (summation peak). This leads to an increase of counts in summation peaks as well as the reduction of counts in full-energy peaks of casscading photons. The application of analytical approaches to coincidence summing effects makes it possible to predict all summation peaks that occur in the spectrum. This approach also allows us to determine the activity of sources directly without calibration of the detector, which is very important in metrology of radionuclides. Accordingly, based on the value of the peak area in the spectrum and knowledge of probability transitions between excited states of a nucleus, it is possible to determine the efficiency of detection and activity of radioactive sources. The dissertation includes an analysis and modification of the existing methods for solving the problems of coincidence summarizing by introducing the new method with simpler algebra. The new analytical approach that we have developed is described in the sixth chapter of the thesis. Following simple arithmetic operations, the system counting rate equation can be obtained for the determination of the detection efficiency and radionuclide activity. The importance of the new method is that it gives, in a simple way, an estimate of contribution of coincidence summing effects. Since the results are obtained in a clearer way, the new approach is much easier for practical use. The dissertation also..

    A possible improvement of the determination of Ba-133 activity and detection efficiency by the sum-peak method, by inclusion of the previously neglected transitions

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    In the treatment of Ba-133 decay by the method of coincidence summing, the transitions to the first two excited states of Cs-133 were ignored in former works. By applying the most accurate values for these transitions available in literature, we include them into the count rate equations and obtain solutions for the corresponding system. As a result of this more accurate forming of count rate equations, some terms, which contain previously ignored transition probabilities, turn out to be more significant than the conventionally included terms. We show that their inclusion in the system of count rate equations leads to fine improvements in the determinations of detection efficiencies and the activity of the Ba-133 source. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
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