Comparing Foreign Investment in China, Post-WTO Accession, with Foreign Investment in the United States, Post-9/11

Ever since China instituted its “open-door policy” (gai ge kai fang) in 1978, the historically autarkic and largely mysterious country has morphed through external interactions with foreign countries and corporations into a hotbed for foreign investment activity. This foreign investment activity has forever changed China’s standing in the global community; today, China stands firm and elevated amongst the ranks of the globalized community as one of the leaders in attracting foreign investment. This article examines China’s rise as an economic power through the use of its foreign investment laws. It then compares the experience of China, a communist country with 1.4 billion people, to the United States’ capitalistic model roughly one-fifth the size. This article will consider the two countries’ distinct histories of foreign investment along with their respective laws and regulations. China has a history of encouraging foreign investment in certain areas while the United States has become increasingly resistant to investment by foreigners in what it considers national security areas. While China’s burgeoning economy has benefited substantially from its foreign investment framework, China may attempt to follow the United States’ lead and impose further restrictions on where foreigners can and cannot invest in Chinese industries. Ultimately, the reader will be offered a glance into the distinctive features of the foreign investment regulatory framework of each country

Polynomial Lie Algebras and Associated Pseudogroup Structures in Composite Quantum Models

Polynomial Lie (super)algebras $g_{pd}$ are introduced via $G_{i}$-invariant polynomial Jordan maps in quantum composite models with Hamiltonians $H$ having invariance groups $G_{i}$. Algebras $g_{pd}$ have polynomial structure functions in commutation relations, are related to pseudogroup structures $\exp V, V\in g_{pd}$ and describe dynamic symmetry of models under study. Physical applications of algebras $g_{pd}$ in quantum optics and in composite field theories are briefly discussed.Comment: 8 pages, LATE

Appetite, food intake, and gut hormone responses to glycomacropeptide protein ingestion in older adults: : A feasibility, acceptability, and pilot study

We would like express huge gratitude to our participants for taking part, and for making data collection such an enjoyable experience for the research team. We would like to thank our students Vicky Catterall, Beth Minion, Joe Ashworth, Monty Hardcastle, and Anna Brooks for supporting data collection. We also thank Agropur Ingredients (Eden Prairie, MN, USA) for providing GMP.Peer reviewe

Ordered phases in spin-Peierls systems

The microscopic description of spin-Peierls substances is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the ordered (dimerised and incommensurably modulated) phases. Important points are the adiabatic and the antiadiabatic approach, generic soliton forms, elastic and magnetic interchain couplings. The wealth and the accuracy of experimental information collected for the first inorganic spin-Peierls substance CuGeO_3 motivates this work.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures included, submitted to Physica B in the Proceedings to LT22, Helsinki, 199

Evaluating Effects of Divided Hemispheric Processing on Word Recognition in Foveal and Extrafoveal Displays: The Evidence from Arabic

Background: Previous studies have claimed that a precise split at the vertical midline of each fovea causes all words to the left and right of fixation to project to the opposite, contralateral hemisphere, and this division in hemispheric processing has considerable consequences for foveal word recognition. However, research in this area is dominated by the use of stimuli from Latinate languages, which may induce specific effects on performance. Consequently, we report two experiments using stimuli from a fundamentally different, non-Latinate language (Arabic) that offers an alternative way of revealing effects of split-foveal processing, if they exist. Methods and Findings: Words (and pseudowords) were presented to the left or right of fixation, either close to fixation and entirely within foveal vision, or further from fixation and entirely within extrafoveal vision. Fixation location and stimulus presentations were carefully controlled using an eye-tracker linked to a fixation-contingent display. To assess word recognition, Experiment 1 used the Reicher-Wheeler task and Experiment 2 used the lexical decision task. Results: Performance in both experiments indicated a functional division in hemispheric processing for words in extrafoveal locations (in recognition accuracy in Experiment 1 and in reaction times and error rates in Experiment 2) but no such division for words in foveal locations. Conclusions: These findings from a non-Latinate language provide new evidence that although a functional division i

Liver Afferents Contribute to Water Drinking-Induced Sympathetic Activation in Human Subjects: A Clinical Trial

Water drinking acutely increases sympathetic activity in human subjects. In animals, the response appears to be mediated through transient receptor potential channel TRPV4 activation on osmosensitive hepatic spinal afferents, described as osmopressor response. We hypothesized that hepatic denervation attenuates water drinking-induced sympathetic activation. We studied 20 liver transplant recipients (44±2.6 years, 1.2±0.1 years post transplant) as model of hepatic denervation and 20 kidney transplant recipients (43±2.6 years, 0.8±0.1 years post transplant) as immunosuppressive drug matched control group. Before and after 500 ml water ingestion, we obtained venous blood samples for catecholamine analysis. We also monitored brachial and finger blood pressure, ECG, and thoracic bioimpedance. Plasma norepinephrine concentration had changed by 0.01±0.07 nmol/l in liver and by 0.21±0.07 nmol/l in kidney transplant recipients (p<0.05 between groups) after 30–40 minutes of water drinking. While blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance increased in both groups, the responses tended to be attenuated in liver transplant recipients. Our findings support the idea that osmosensitive hepatic afferents are involved in water drinking-induced sympathetic activation in human subjects