Energy Modelling and Calibration of Building Simulations: A Case Study of a Domestic Building with Natural Ventilation

[EN] In this paper, the building energy performance modelling tools TRNSYS (TRaNsient SYstem Simulation program) and TRNFlow (TRaNsient Flow) have been used to obtain the energy demand of a domestic building that includes the air infiltration rate and the effect of natural ventilation by using window operation data. An initial model has been fitted to monitoring data from the case study, building over a period when there were no heat gains in the building in order to obtain the building infiltration air change rate. After this calibration, a constant air-change rate model was established alongside two further models developed in the calibration process. Air change rate has been explored in order to determine air infiltrations caused by natural ventilation due to windows being opened. These results were compared to estimates gained through a previously published method and were found to be in good agreement. The main conclusion from the work was that the modelling ventilation rate in naturally ventilated residential buildings using TRNSYS and TRNSFlow can improve the simulation-based energy assessment.Aparicio-Fernández, C.; Vivancos, J.; Cosar-Jorda, P.; Buswell, RA. (2019). Energy Modelling and Calibration of Building Simulations: A Case Study of a Domestic Building with Natural Ventilation. Energies. 12(17):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173360S1131217Grygierek, K., & Ferdyn-Grygierek, J. (2018). Multi-Objective Optimization of the Envelope of Building with Natural Ventilation. Energies, 11(6), 1383. doi:10.3390/en11061383Moran, P., Goggins, J., & Hajdukiewicz, M. (2017). Super-insulate or use renewable technology? Life cycle cost, energy and global warming potential analysis of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) in a temperate oceanic climate. Energy and Buildings, 139, 590-607. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.029Allouhi, A., El Fouih, Y., Kousksou, T., Jamil, A., Zeraouli, Y., & Mourad, Y. (2015). Energy consumption and efficiency in buildings: current status and future trends. Journal of Cleaner Production, 109, 118-130. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.139Cosar-Jorda, P., Buswell, R. A., & Mitchell, V. A. (2018). Determining of the role of ventilation in residential energy demand reduction using a heat-balance approach. Building and Environment, 144, 508-518. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.08.053Feijó-Muñoz, J., Poza-Casado, I., González-Lezcano, R. A., Pardal, C., Echarri, V., Assiego De Larriva, R., … Meiss, A. (2018). Methodology for the Study of the Envelope Airtightness of Residential Buildings in Spain: A Case Study. Energies, 11(4), 704. doi:10.3390/en11040704Domínguez-Amarillo, S., Fernández-Agüera, J., Campano, M. Á., & Acosta, I. (2019). Effect of Airtightness on Thermal Loads in Legacy Low-Income Housing. Energies, 12(9), 1677. doi:10.3390/en12091677Cheng, P. L., & Li, X. (2018). Air infiltration rates in the bedrooms of 202 residences and estimated parametric infiltration rate distribution in Guangzhou, China. Energy and Buildings, 164, 219-225. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.062Hou, J., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, P., Zhang, Q., Kong, X., & Sundell, J. (2018). Air change rates at night in northeast Chinese homes. Building and Environment, 132, 273-281. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.030Zhai, Z. (John), Mankibi, M. E., & Zoubir, A. (2015). Review of Natural Ventilation Models. Energy Procedia, 78, 2700-2705. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.355Han, G., Srebric, J., & Enache-Pommer, E. (2015). Different modeling strategies of infiltration rates for an office building to improve accuracy of building energy simulations. Energy and Buildings, 86, 288-295. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.028Laverge, J., & Janssens, A. (2013). Optimization of design flow rates and component sizing for residential ventilation. Building and Environment, 65, 81-89. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.03.019Bhandari, M., Hun, D., Shrestha, S., Pallin, S., & Lapsa, M. (2018). A Simplified Methodology to Estimate Energy Savings in Commercial Buildings from Improvements in Airtightness. Energies, 11(12), 3322. doi:10.3390/en11123322Pisello, A. L., Castaldo, V. L., Taylor, J. E., & Cotana, F. (2016). The impact of natural ventilation on building energy requirement at inter-building scale. Energy and Buildings, 127, 870-883. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.023Tronchin, L., Fabbri, K., & Bertolli, C. (2018). Controlled Mechanical Ventilation in Buildings: A Comparison between Energy Use and Primary Energy among Twenty Different Devices. Energies, 11(8), 2123. doi:10.3390/en11082123Ashdown, M. M. A., Crawley, J., Biddulph, P., Wingfield, J., Lowe, R., & Elwell, C. A. (2019). Characterising the airtightness of dwellings. 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Effect of different compatibilizers on environmentally friendly composites from poly(lactic acid) and diatomaceous earth

[EN] Environmentally friendly composites from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and diatomaceous earth (DE) were successfully manufactured by extrusion, followed by injection moulding. DE was used as a filler; several compatibilizer/coupling agents, namely (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, epoxy styrene acrylic oligomer and maleinized linseed oil, were used to improve polymer¿filler interactions. Mechanical characterization was carried out by standard tensile, impact and hardness tests while morphological characterization of the fractured surfaces was conducted by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The effect of DE was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal behaviour. The results show that the addition of DE provides an improved tensile modulus and induces more brittle composites due to stress concentration phenomena. The addition of compatibilizers in PLA-DE positively contributes to improve ductile properties, thus leading to high environmental efficiency materials with balancedmechanical properties. Specifically, the compatibility improvement between the PLA and DE was good with maleinized linseed oil and contributed to improving the impact strength, which is a key factor in PLA-based composites due to the intrinsic brittleness of neat PLA.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) program number MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R. L. Quiles-Carrillo wants to thank GV for his FPI grant (ACIF/2016/182) and the MECD for his FPU grant (FPU15/03812).Agüero-Rodríguez, Á.; Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Jorda-Vilaplana, A.; Fenollar, O.; Montanes, N. (2019). Effect of different compatibilizers on environmentally friendly composites from poly(lactic acid) and diatomaceous earth. 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Ductility and Toughness Improvement of Injection-Molded Compostable Pieces of Polylactide by Melt Blending with Poly(e-caprolactone) and Thermoplastic Starch

[EN] The present study describes the preparation and characterization of binary and ternary blends based on polylactide (PLA) with poly("-caprolactone) (PCL) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) to develop fully compostable plastics with improved ductility and toughness. To this end, PLA was first melt-mixed in a co rotating twin-screw extruder with up to 40 wt % of different PCL and TPS combinations and then shaped into pieces by injection molding. The mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of the resultant binary and ternary blend pieces were analyzed and related to their composition. Although the biopolymer blends were immiscible, the addition of both PCL and TPS remarkably increased the flexibility and impact strength of PLA while it slightly reduced its mechanical strength. The most balanced mechanical performance was achieved for the ternary blend pieces that combined high PCL contents with low amounts of TPS, suggesting a main phase change from PLA/TPS (comparatively rigid) to PLA/PCL (comparatively flexible). The PLA-based blends presented an ¿island-and-sea¿ morphology in which the TPS phase contributed to the fine dispersion of PCL as micro-sized spherical domains that acted as a rubber-like phase with the capacity to improve toughness. In addition, the here-prepared ternary blend pieces presented slightly higher thermal stability and lower thermomechanical stiffness than the neat PLA pieces. Finally, all biopolymer pieces fully disintegrated in a controlled compost soil after 28 days. Therefore, the inherently low ductility and toughness of PLA can be successfully improved by melt blending with PCL and TPS, resulting in compostable plastic materials with a great potential in, for instance, rigid packaging applications.This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) program numbers MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R and AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R, and by the EU H2020 project YPACK (reference number 773872).Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Pineiro, F.; Jorda-Vilaplana, A.; Torres-Giner, S. (2018). Ductility and Toughness Improvement of Injection-Molded Compostable Pieces of Polylactide by Melt Blending with Poly(e-caprolactone) and Thermoplastic Starch. Materials. 11(11):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112138S1201111Hopewell, J., Dvorak, R., & Kosior, E. (2009). Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities. 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Enhancing the mechanical features of clay surfaces by the absorption of nano-SiO2 particles in aqueous media. Case of study on Bronze Age clay objects

[EN] Nanoparticles are known to be able to enhance the performance of low dense materials, achieving the small intergranular spaces to further interact with the matrix. In this work, a consolidation treatment of an ancient clay material is reported. It is based on the use of silica nanoparticles dispersed in an aqueous medium as a more sustainable approach than those currently used in the conservation field. The effective consolidation has been determined by ensuring an appropriate mechanical surface resistance using the nanoindentation technique as non-destructive measurements. Moreover, the ability of SiO(2 )nanoparticles to fill the microstructure is studied by scanning electron microscopy. As a case report, several low-strength clay fragments dated from the Bronze Age were surface treated with a commercial aqueous suspension of SiO2 nanoparticles that were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) displaying dimensions of about 20 nm in diameter. Field Emission Electron Microscopy (FESEM) revealed that nanoparticles filled the inter-granular spaces of the clay, leading to a nanostructured material. The nanoindentation results showed an increase in surface resistance against scratching. Meanwhile, the nanohardness and elastic modulus increased 10 times (from 15 to 150 MPa) and 8 times (from 1 to 8 GPa), respectively due to the nano-SiO2 treatment, confirming the consolidation effect of the nanoparticles.Authors acknowledge the financial support of Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MAT2014-59242-C2-1-R. Authors also acknowledge the support of Helena Bonet, Director of the Prehistory Museum of Valencia and Ma Jesus de Pedro, conservator of this Museum, and to the Photographic Archive Department. M.P. Arrieta wishes to thank the financial support of MINECO for a Juan de la Cierva (FJCI-2014-20630) contract.Rayón, E.; Arrieta, MP.; Pasies -Oviedo, T.; López-Martínez, J.; Jorda Moret, JL. (2018). Enhancing the mechanical features of clay surfaces by the absorption of nano-SiO2 particles in aqueous media. Case of study on Bronze Age clay objects. Cement and Concrete Composites. 93:107-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.07.005S1071179

Zeolite Rho: a highly selective adsorbent for CO2/CH4 separation induced by a structural phase modification

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Rational Design and HT Techniques Allow the Synthesis of New IWR Zeolite Polymorphs

The authors thank the Spanish CICYT for financial support (MAT2003-07945-C02-01). J.L.J. thanks the Spanish MEC for the Juan de la Cierva contract.Cantin Sanz, A.; Corma Canós, A.; Díaz Cabañas, MJ.; Jorda Moret, JL.; Moliner Marin, M. (2006). Rational Design and HT Techniques Allow the Synthesis of New IWR Zeolite Polymorphs. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128(13):4216-4217. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0603599S421642171281

Upgrading argan shell wastes in wood plastic composites with biobased polyethylene matrix and different compatibilizers

The present study reports on the development of wood plastic composites (WPC) based on micronized argan shell (MAS) as a filler and high-density polyethylene obtained from sugarcane (Bio-HDPE), following the principles proposed by the circular economy in which the aim is to achieve zero waste by the introduction of residues of argan as a filler. The blends were prepared by extrusion and injection molding processes. In order to improve compatibility between the argan particles and the green polyolefin, different compatibilizers and additional filler were used, namely polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA 3 wt.-%), maleinized linseed oil (MLO 7.5 phr), halloysite nanotubes (HNTs 7.5 phr), and a combination of MLO and HNTs (3.75 phr each). The mechanical, morphological, thermal, thermomechanical, colorimetric, and wettability properties of each blend were analyzed. The results show that MAS acts as a reinforcing filler, increasing the stiffness of the Bio-HDPE, and that HNTs further increases this reinforcing effect. MLO and PE-g-MA, altogether with HNTs, improve the compatibility between MAS and Bio-HDPE, particularly due to bonds formed between oxygen-based groups present in each compound. Thermal stability was also improved provided by the addition of MAS and HNTs. All in all, reddish-like brown wood plastic composites with improved stiffness, good thermal stability, enhanced compatibility, and good wettability properties were obtained.Fil: Jorda Reolid, Maria. Asociación de Investigación de la Industria del Juguete; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Caturla, Jaume. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Ivorra Martinez, Juan. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Stefani, Pablo Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; ArgentinaFil: Rojas Lema, Sandra. Asociación de Investigación de la Industria del Juguete; ArgentinaFil: Quiles Carrillo, Luis. Asociación de Investigación de la Industria del Juguete; Argentin

ITQ-69: A Germanium-Containing Zeolite and its Synthesis, Structure Determination, and Adsorption Properties

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article:ITQ-69: A Germanium-Containing Zeolite and its Synthesis, Structure Determination, and Adsorption Properties, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202100822. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] In this work, a new zeolite named as ITQ-69, has been synthesized, characterized and its application as selective adsorbent for industrially relevant light olefins/paraffins separations has been assessed. This material has been obtained as pure germania as well as silica-germania zeolites with different Si/Ge ratios using a diquaternary ammonium cation as organic structure directing agent. Its structure was determined by single-crystal X-Ray diffraction showing a triclinic unit cell forming a tridirectional small pore channel system (8x8x8R). Also, it has been found that Si preferentially occupies some special T sites of the structure as deduced from Rietveld analysis of the powder X-ray diffraction patterns. In addition, the new zeolite ITQ-69 has been found to be stable upon calcination and thus, its adsorption properties were evaluated, showing a promising kinetic selectivity for light olefin separations in the C3 fraction.The authors acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) for their funding via project RTI2018-101784-B-I00 and Program Severo Ochoa SEV-2016-0683. AS and EPB thanks for their grants BES-2016-078684 and FPU15/01602, respectively. The Microscopy Service of the UPV is acknowledged for their help in sample characterization. By last, authors would like to thank the use of RIAIDT-USC analytical facilities, especially to Dr. Antonio L. Llamas for extremely useful comments on SCXRD analyses.Sala-Gascon, A.; Pérez-Botella, E.; Jorda Moret, JL.; Cantin Sanz, A.; Rey Garcia, F.; Valencia Valencia, S. (2021). ITQ-69: A Germanium-Containing Zeolite and its Synthesis, Structure Determination, and Adsorption Properties. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60(21):11745-11750. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.2021008221174511750602

Synthesis design and structure of a multipore zeolite with interconnected 12- and 10-MR channels

[EN] A new molecular sieve, ITQ-38, containing interconnected large and medium pores in its structure has been synthesized. The rational combination of dicationic piperidine-derivative molecules as organic structure directing agents (OSDAs) with germanium and boron atoms in alkaline media has allowed the synthesis of ITQ-38 zeolite. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been used to elucidate the framework topology of ITQ-38, revealing the presence of domains of perfect ITQ-38 crystals as well as very small areas containing nanosized ITQ-38/ITQ-22 intergrowths. The structure of ITQ-38 is highly related to ITQ-22 and the recently described polymorph C of ITQ-39 zeolite. It shares a common building layer with ITQ-22 and contains the same building unit as the polymorph C of ITQ-39. All three structures present similar framework density, 16.1 T atoms/1000 angstrom(3).Financial support by the Spanish MICINN (MAT2009-14528-C02-01 and MAT2006-14274-C02-01), Consolider Ingenio 2010-Multicat, Generalitat Valenciana by the PROMETEO program, UPV through PAJD-06-11 (n.1952), the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) and Goran Gustafsson Foundtion for Natural Sciences and Medical Research, is acknowledged. Manuel Moliner also acknowledges the "Subprograma Ramon y Cajal" for the contract RYC-2011-08972. Wei Wan was supported by a postdoctoral grant from the Carl-Trygger Foundation. The EM facility was supported by Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The authors thank the beamline BM01B at ESRF in Grenoble for beamtime allocation (exp. CH-2493). Gunnel Karlsson is kindly thanked for TEM sample preparation by ultramicrotomy. Dedicated to Prof. Miguel A. Miranda on his 60th Birthday.Moliner Marin, M.; Willhammar, T.; Wan, W.; González, J.; Rey Garcia, F.; Jorda Moret, JL.; Zou, X.... (2012). Synthesis design and structure of a multipore zeolite with interconnected 12- and 10-MR channels. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 134(14):6473-6478. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja301082nS647364781341

The first zeolite with a tri-directional extra-large 14-ring pore system derived using a phosphonium-based organic molecule

[EN] A new germanosilicate zeolite (denoted as ITQ-53) with extra-large pores has been synthesised using tri-tertbutylmethylphosphonium cation as the organic structure directing agent (OSDA). Rotation electron diffraction (RED) was used to identify ITQ-53 from an initially-synthesised sample containing impurities, and to solve its structure. The structure was refined against PXRD data of pure ITQ-53 samples obtained after synthesis optimisation. ITQ-53 is the first example of extra-large pore zeolites with tri-directional interconnected 14 x 14 x 14-ring channels. It is stable up to at least 650 degrees C. The structure of ITQ-53 changes from monoclinic to orthorhombic upon calcination.This work was supported by the Spanish Government (MAT2012-38567-C02-01, Consolider Ingenio 2010-Multicat CSD-2009-00050 and Severo Ochoa SEV-2012-0267), the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) and the Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation through a grant for purchasing the TEMs and the project grant 3DEM-NATUR. Yifeng Yun thanks the China Scholarship Council (CSC).Yun, Y.; Hernández Rodríguez, M.; Wan, W.; Zou, X.; Jorda Moret, JL.; Cantin Sanz, A.; Rey Garcia, F.... (2015). The first zeolite with a tri-directional extra-large 14-ring pore system derived using a phosphonium-based organic molecule. Chemical Communications. 51(36):7602-7605. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc10317cS760276055136C. Baerlocher and L.McCusker, Database of Zeolite Structures: http://www.iza-structure.org/databases/Estermann, M., McCusker, L. 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