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A process model of children's early verb use
The verb-island hypothesis (Tomasello, 1992) states that childrenâs early grammars consist of sets of lexically-specific predicate structures (or verb-islands). However, Pine, Lieven and Rowland (1998) have found that childrenâs early language can also be built around lexical items other than verbs, such as pronouns (this contradicts a strict version of the verb-island hypothesis). This paper presents a computational model (called MOSAIC), which constructs a network of nodes and links based on a performance-limited distributional analysis of the input (motherâs speech). The results show that utterances generated from MOSAIC: (1) more closely resemble the childâs data than the childâs motherâs data on which MOSAIC is trained; and (2) can readily simulate both the verb-island and other-island phenomena which exist in the childâs data
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Learning novel sound patterns
The acquisition of vocabulary represents a key phenomenon in language acquisition, yet it is still poorly understood. Gathercole and colleagues have recently provided a rigorous test of vocabulary knowledge (the nonword repetition test, Gathercole, Willis, Baddeley, & Emslie, 1994) and have adapted the phonological loop part of the working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) to explain the nonword repetition findings (e.g. Gathercole & Baddeley, 1989). However, there are two major failings in their explanation: there is no description of how words are learned, and no definition of how the phonological loop interacts with long-term memory. We present an EPAM based computational model which overcomes these problems by combining the phonological loop approach with the EPAM/chunking approach (Feigenbaum & Simon, 1984). Trained on naturalistic phonemically coded speech (from motherâs utterances to 2-3 year old children), the model provides a good match to the nonword repetition data from 2-3 year old children. The model is also able to show the effect on nonword repetition when the model is trained using different sets of input. Implementing the phonological loop within EPAM represents a parsimonious approach to learning novel sound patterns and provides a more precise definition of how vocabulary acquisition may occur
Fracture behavior of unidirectional boron/aluminum composite laminates
An experiment was conducted to verify the results of mathematical models which predict the stresses and displacements of fibers and the amount of damage growth in a center-notched lamina as a function of the applied remote stress and the matrix and fiber material properties. A brittle lacquer coating was used to detect the yielding in the matrix while X-ray techniques were used to determine the number of broken fibers in the laminate. The notched strengths and the amounts of damage found in the specimens agree well with those predicted by the mathematical model. It is shown that the amount of damage and the crack opening displacement does not depend strongly on the number of plies in the laminate for a given notch width. By heat-treating certain laminates to increase the yield stress of the alumina matrix, the effect of different matrix properties on the fracture behavior was investigated. The stronger matrix is shown to weaken the notched laminate by decreasing the amount of matrix damage, thereby making the laminate more notch sensitive
Mathematical modeling of damage in unidirectional composites
A review of some approximate analytical models for damaged, fiber reinforced composite materials is presented. Using the classical shear lag stress displacement assumption, solutions are presented for a unidirectional laminate containing a notch, a rectangular cut-out, and a circular hole. The models account for longitudinal matrix yielding and splitting as well as transverse matrix yielding and fiber breakage. The constraining influence of a cover sheet on the unidirectional laminate is also modeled
The Propagation and Survival of Interstellar Grains
In this paper we discuss the propagation of dust through the interstellar
medium (ISM), and describe the destructive effects of stellar winds, jets, and
supernova shock waves on interstellar dust. We review the probability that
grains formed in stellar outflows or supernovae survive processing in and
propagation through the ISM, and incorporate themselves relatively unprocessed
into meteoritic bodies in the solar system. We show that very large (radii >= 5
micron) and very small grains (radii <= 100 Angstrom) with sizes similar to the
pre-solar SiC and diamond grains extracted from meteorites, can survive the
passage through 100\kms shock waves relatively unscathed. High velocity (>= 250
km/s) shocks destroy dust efficiently. However, a small (~10%) fraction of the
stardust never encountered such fast shocks before incorporation into the solar
system. All grains should therefore retain traces of their passage through
interstellar shocks during their propagation through the ISM. The grain
surfaces should show evidence of processing due to sputtering and pitting due
to small grain cratering collisions on the micron-sized grains. This conclusion
seems to be in conflict with the evidence from the large grains recovered from
meteorites which seem to show little interstellar processing.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures (.eps), LaTeX, to appear in "Astrophysical
Implications of the Laboratory Study of Presolar Materials" AIP Conference
Proceedings, 1997 T.J. Bernatowicz and E. Zinner (eds.
Local availability and long-range trade: the worked stone assemblage
Inter disciplinary study of major excavation assemblage from Norse settlement site in Orkney. Combines methodological and typological developments with scientific discussion
Using a fuzzy inference system to control a pumped storage hydro plant
The paper discusses the development of a fuzzy inference system (FIS) based governor control for a pumped storage hydroelectric plant. The First Hydro Company's plant at Dinorwig in North Wales is the largest of its kind in Europe and is mainly used for frequency control of the UK electrical grid. In previous investigations, a detailed model of the plant was developed using MATLAB(R)/SIMULINK(R) and this is now being used to compare FIS governor operation with the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller currently used. The paper describes the development of an FIS governor, and shows that its response to a step increase in load is superior to the PID under certain conditions of load. The paper proceeds to discuss the implications of these results in view of the possible practical application of an FIS governor at the Dinorwig plant
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