Physiological and psychological responses to stress in neurotic patients

This thesis is concerned mainly with a study of some of the physiological functions of neurotic cases with effort intolerance. It is convenient, for research purposes to retain the use of the term 'effort syndrome' (E.S.) to indicate cases with effort intolerance as distinct from other types of neuroses --- the alternative would have been to use the psychiatric diagnosis and add 'with effort intolerance' in brackets. The term, effort syndrome, as used here, refers to a relatively excessive response to effort as manifested by breathlessness, palpitation, and subjective feeling of fatigue on even mild exercise, along with excessive vegetative liability on emotional excitement, e.g.; sweating, palpitation, giddiness, etc., as described by the patient or objectively observed. If there is a known organic cause, then that diagnosis is, of course, used in preference to the term effort syndrome. "Syndrome" is a descriptive term generally used to avoid premature aetiological conception; there is apparently no common aetiology to E.S.; and as a descriptive term is generally favoured, the American preference for the term "neurocirculatory asthenia" seems reasonable. In the majority of patients seen here, constitutional (including personality) factors would appear to be more important than psychogenic factors; thus when a breakdown occurs there may be no pronounced affective disorder, and no adequate psychopathology to explain the illness. From this it follows that existing psychiatric classifications, based on aetiological or descriptive grounds, would be difficult to apply. It therefore seems reasonable to use a classification which takes into account constitution and personality more fully than do existing classifications. One can divide the E.S. material into three broad. groups (1) Where the poor physical endowment is the primary factor in producing symptoms. Here we are siupiy dealing with a poor machine, which shows excessive response to physical effort. Here the patient has effort intolerance which has been present since earliest recollection. (2) As above, but the patient responds in a neurotic manner to his constitutional inferiority. in this sense there is a psychological aetiology, but the constitutional factor is the basic one. The emotional reaction may take any ;form, depending on the personality and may simply amount to displeasure. Here the patient feels that he has an effort intolerance, but his disability may actually be less than he believes it to be. Such patients usually give a history of effort intolerance since childhood, but the mere disability of Group 1 frequently changes under . stress to the neurotic attitude of Group 2. (3) Primarily neurotic sere the usual aetiological factors determining/a neurosis will apply. The form may be determined by the constitutional physical inferiority which, if present, colours the whole picture, but is of only secondary importance; or it may be wholly psychogenically determined. Such "illness" tends in our experience to be of comparatively recent origin, and is particularly prone to result from the emotional and physical stresses of wartime. By neurosis is meant an upset of the normal harmonious functioning of the mind and body resulting from some personal inadequacy to meet a psychological situation or problem. Poor general health, weak physical constitution, low intelligence, etc., may predispose to such a neurosis, but these are in themselves not enough; the individual has failed to meet the demands of his environment or of his conscience, and a conflict has been set up. Thus, the Group 1 E.S. has the, symptomatology of the other two groups, but his physical limitation has been satisfactorily met and presents no handicap, so he has no neurosis. The opposite is true of Group 2 E.S. This division into 3 groups of E.S. proved convenient, but unfortunately only an occasional group 1 E.S. was seen (from the definition it is clear that they would only be discovered when examining a large random sample of controls because they do not regard themselves as ill, and therefore would not report sick), and no detailed study of this group has been possible

KOMPA AS A LESSON IN VALUE OR A SEMI-VOYERISTIC APPRECIATION OF THE BAMBOO BASKET IN DOLPA

This “study” explores two central topics: 1.) The logistics and details of basket weaving as both a skill and a business in Dolpa and 2.) The cultural value of the woven bamboo basket, also in Dolpa. My fieldwork started in lower Dolpa, (Dunai and Bysagar), peregrinated north into the Tarap Valley, and then returned back down to Dunai. From my research I attempt to provide an insight into the way people, of all walks of life in Dolpa, think and relate to this tool (kompa), and then attempt to derive larger moral implications from what I have observed. This “study” is both pragmatic and abstract, a little irreverent and over-earnest. I hope this fusion of styles is not annoying, but rather, makes for an enjoyable, and finally, valuable read

Typology and Chronology of Ceramics of Bactra, Afghanistan 600 BCE-500 CE.

Bactra was the capital of Bactria during the Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, as well as the capital city of the Graeco-Bactrian Empire. It remained one of the most populous cities in pre-Islamic Central Asia and was a center of trade along the Silk Route until its destruction by Genghis Khan in the 13th century CE. Despite its prominence, archaeological excavation has only recently reached its ancient phases. This dissertation presents a typology and chronological sequence of the ceramic corpus of Bactra found during the 2004-2008 excavations by the French Archaeological Delegation. It constitutes the results of my analysis of ca. 30 metric tons of pottery over four field seasons, a quantity that allowed for greater chronological and typological resolution than was previously possible. Thirteen common ceramic fabrics were identified, and 177 rim types and 40 base types were delineated. Subsequent statistical analysis of co-occurrence using multi-dimensional scaling produced a chronological sequence of six major phases, each with three subphases. Contextualization of these ceramic phases within the broader historico-political setting of Central Asia highlights several trends of Bactra’s ceramic traditions that have implications for understanding its role in the region. The previously unknown Achaemenid-era material from Bactra is largely homogenous with a narrow range of shapes, as well as consistent vessel dimensions and firing practices. The ceramics of the Hellenistic period exhibit significant functional and stylistic changes that are likely indicative of a shift in dining habits. The Hellenistic ceramics were similar in character to those of other large city sites in Bactria and Sogdiana, yet distinctly different from the elite Greek wares found at Ai Khanoum, suggesting that Ai Khanoum, not Bactra, is the outlier. Many ceramic aesthetics that were introduced during the Hellenistic period were retained and adapted in the Nomadic and Kushan periods. During the Kushan and Kushano-Sasanid periods a new standardization of forms, decoration, and production technique reasserted itself. In sum, this dissertation provides a more refined and accurate dating of Bactra and its environs and lays the groundwork for research on regional and long distance trade in the region.PhDClassical Art and ArchaeologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113536/1/cemj_3.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113536/2/cemj_2.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113536/3/cemj_1.pd

The effects of grain storage technologies on maize marketing behaviour of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe

This study investigated the effects of grain storage practices on smallholder farmers’ maize marketing behaviour using primary data collected from 413 random households in Makoni and Shamva Districts of Zimbabwe. The data was analysed using the ordered probit model and the study results revealed that storage practices had significant effects on the maize marketing behaviour of smallholder farmers. Storage using insecticide and traditional granary increased the chances of farmers to become net sellers of maize. Using insecticide in storage reduces the amount of grain that is lost in storage hence farmers are able to preserve the amount of grain available for consumption and also for sale. This implies that safe storage of maize may increase household incomes thus reducing poverty. This also contributes to improved food security. Investment in safe grain storage technologies is thus a fundamental key policy issue in developing countries. Quantity harvested, market location, household head’s sex and other household factors influenced maize marketing behaviour of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe

3D heritage visualisation and the negotiation of authenticity: the ACCORD project

This article examines the question of authenticity in relation to 3D visualisation of historic objects and monuments. Much of the literature locates their authenticity in the accuracy of the data and/or the realism of the resulting models. Yet critics argue that 3D visualisations undermine the experience of authenticity, disrupting people’s access to the materiality, biography and aura of their historic counterparts. The ACCORD project takes questions of authenticity and 3D visualisation into a new arena – that of community heritage practice – and uses rapid ethnographic methods to examine whether and how such visualisations acquire authenticity. The results demonstrate that subtle forms of migration and borrowing occur between the original and the digital, creating new forms of authenticity associated with the digital object. Likewise, the creation of digital models mediates the authenticity and status of their original counterparts through the networks of relations in which they are embedded. The current pre-occupation with the binary question of whether 3D digital models are authentic or not obscures the wider work that such objects do in respect to the cultural politics of ownership, attachment, place-making and regeneration. The article both advances theoretical debates and has important implications for heritage visualisation practice

The ACCORD project: Archaeological Community Co-Production of Research Resources

This paper introduces the AHRC funded ACCORD project, a partnership between the Digital Design Studio at the Glasgow School of Art, Archaeology Scotland, the University of Manchester and the RCAHMS. The ACCORD project examines the opportunities and implications of digital visualisation technologies for community engagement and research through the co-creation of 3D models of historic monuments and places. Despite their increasing accessibility, techniques such as laser scanning, 3D modelling and 3D print- ing have remained firmly in the domain of heritage specialists. Expert forms of knowledge and/or professional priorities frame the use of digital visualisation technologies and forms of community-based social value are rarely addressed. Consequently, the resulting digital objects fail to engage communities as a means of researching and representing their heritage. The first part of this paper pres- ents how the ACCORD project seeks to address this gap through the co-design and co-production of an integrated research asset that encompasses social value and engages communities with transformative digital technologies. The second half of this paper (section 4) presents a case study of an ACCORD project based in Argyll which highlights the nature of community relations with expert groups, issues of archaeological authority and the transformative power of co-production using digital recording techniques

3D visualisation, communities and the production of significance

In this paper, we discuss how community co-production of heritage records facilitates the production and negotiation of new forms of value and significance. We draw on case studies from the ACCORD project, which used 3D digital technologies for community engagement through co-creation, to explore how a site’s significance can be affected and challenged through community recording. Whilst multiple modes of recording operate in this way, digital 3D recording, long held as the sole domain of the technical expert, is often deployed by heritage professionals as a means of enhancing authorised historic and scientific values through the sophisticated and precise recording of a site’s physical structure. Here we argue that these recording techniques can also offer a means of exploring and challenging existing authorised regimes of significance and insignificance, giving voice to alternative and richer perspectives through the recording process itself, as much as through the resultant record. This challenges orthodox thinking about both the primary purpose and effects of digital recording and opens up new directions for their use in heritage practice

It Opened My Eyes... : The Potential of an Embedded Clinical Experience in Teacher Preparation

Teacher candidates (TCs) often feel underprepared for their first teaching positions. Teacher education programs are, at least partially, responsible for the level of readiness of their graduating TCs. Fortunately, teacher educators have the capacity to positively change teacher education, creating a more effective, better prepared teaching force. Embedded clinical experiences connected to university literacy courses are one innovative approach to create more purposeful and engaging learning opportunities for TCs. TCs in an early childhood and special education program participated in an embedded clinical experience focused on reading and assessment, which allowed them to implement course content directly with elementary students, effectively connecting theory and practice. This qualitative study explored the impacts of an embedded clinical experience on TCs’ beliefs, content knowledge, and instructional practices related to reading and assessment. Content analysis was used to analyze data collected through semistructured interviews, participants’ reflective journal entries, weekly lesson plans, audio-recorded Socratic seminars, and video-recorded reading lessons. This inquiry revealed an increase in TCs’ pedagogical knowledge and confidence. The authors found that implementing an embedded clinical experience working with elementary students in conjunction with university coursework contextualized and meaningfully integrated course content in practical teaching experiences, encouraging TCs to refine their philosophical and pedagogical beliefs

Taking Stock of Canada's Approach to Food Insecurity

In 1998, the Department of Agriculture and Agri-food published a document entitled Canada’s Action Plan for Food Security, outlining seven commitments stemming from a 1996 World Food Summit in Rome. The goal was to reduce the number of undernourished people in the world by half by the year 2015. Instead, Canada witnessed a slow but steady growth of those identifying as food insecure in the two decades following the publication of the Action Plan. There are many hypotheses as to why that is the case, with the bulk of the literature focusing on a policy environment characterized by government inaction and overburdened civil society organizations. This thesis argues that this policy environment was not an accident, but the result policy tools selected to address this social issue by successive federal governments. To that end, the thesis employs a policy tools analytical framework to categorize the types of tools chosen as either procedural or substantive in nature, and in doing so it assesses the amount of priority placed on household food insecurity. It quantifies the number of tools chosen to address food industry concerns versus those aimed at frontline service providers, and illustrates why the recently published National Food Policy was necessary to address an issue identified as worthy of government intervention two decades earlier