PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOLDAUNBELUNTAS (Pluchea indica less)TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Streptococcus.mutans

ABSTRAK Streptococcus mutans adalah bakteri kariogenik utama dalam rongga mulut. Penjagaan keseimbangan flora rongga mulut mampu mencegah terjadinya karies. Beluntas (Pluchea indica Less) mengandung beberapa zat dan aktif telah banyak digunakan di kalangan masyarakat sebagai tanaman obat tradisional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan pertumbuhan in vitro S. mutans terhadap pemberian ekstrak daun beluntas. Streptococcus mutans yang dibiakkan pada Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) diberi paparan ekstrak etanol daun beluntas dengan konsetrasi 5%, 10%, 20%, dan 40%. Sebagai kontrol positif dan negatif, berturut turut digunakan klorheksidin glukonat 0,2% dan akuades steril. Zona hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri setelah diinkuoasi 24 jam kemudian diukur. Konsentrasi ekstrak terkecil yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri kemudian diuji lebih lanjut menggunakan uji dilusi untuk menentukan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum. Seluruh penelitian dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan pertumbuhan in vitro S. mutans terhambat dengan pemberian ekstrak daun beluntas lebih dari 10%. Pada pemberian ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 40%, kemampuan penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri setara dengan pemberian klorheksidin glukonat 0,2% (

and TNF-&alpha Productions of E. coli Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Periodontitis Model on Rats

Periodontaldisease,a commoninflammatoryoraldiseaseinvolvedperiodontaltissues,has beenlinked with the evidenceof some systemicdisorders. Recently,periodontaldisease has beensuspected as a trigger of systemic disorders. Penetration of bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)may reach into deeper periodontal tissues. Therefore there may affect-systemic blood and cytokines production. Interleukin-1~ (IL- 1~) and Tumour Nuclear Factor-a (TNF-a) are known as pro-inflammatory cytokines. The production of systemic IL-1~and TNF-aof E.coli lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis model on rats was investigated in this research. Fifteen male Wistar rats, aged 6-8 weeks used for this study were divided into 3 groups. For group 1 and 2, silk ligature 3/0 were inserted in interdental area between upper right molar 1 and 2. Firstand second group received solution containing lOllg/ml and 1mg/ml E.colilipopolysaccharide, respectively, mixed with 2%carboxymethylcellulose (CMe)diluted in lOO1l1of phosphate buffer saline (PBS).The solution was topically applied on gingivaltissues around the gingival sulcus, a single topical application of solution once per 2 days for 14 days. Untreated subjects were used as negative control. Onday 15, the blood was collected from vena orbitalis, and rats were sacrificed. The blood serum of each group was divided into 2 groups and cultured for 4 hours with or without 20111of 100ng/ml of E. coli LPS.ELISAtechniques were used to measure the cytokine productions of the supernatant. The data was ana lysed using Repeated Measure ANOVA.Jhis study showed that there was a significantincrease of IL-1~productionon low dose of LPScompared to control and high dose of LPSgroups (

Systemic IL-1β and TNF-α Productions of E. coli Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Periodontitis Model on Rats

Periodontal disease, a common inflammatory oral disease involved periodontal tissues, has been linked with the evidence of some systemic disorders. Recently, periodontal disease has been suspected as a trigger of systemic disorders. Penetration of bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may reach into deeper periodontal tissues. Therefore there may affect systemic blood and cytokines production. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Tumour Nuclear Factor-α (TNF-α) are known as pro-inflammatory cytokines. The production of systemic IL-1β and TNF-α of E. coli lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis model on rats was investigated in this research. Fifteen male Wistar rats, aged 6-8 weeks used for this study were divided into 3 groups. For group 1 and 2, silk ligature 3/0 were inserted in interdental area between upper right molar 1 and 2. First and second group received solution containing 10μg/ml and 1mg/ml E. coli lipopolysaccharide, respectively, mixedwith 2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) diluted in 100μl of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The solution was topically applied on gingival tissues around the gingival sulcus, a single topical application of solution onceper 2 days for 14 days. Untreated subjects were used as negative control. On day 15, the blood was collected from vena orbitalis, and rats were sacrificed. The blood serum of each group was divided into 2 groups andcultured for 4 hours with or without 20μl of 100ng/ml of E. coli LPS. ELISA techniques were used to measure the cytokine productions of the supernatant. The data was analysed using Repeated Measure ANOVA. This study showed that there was a significant increase of IL-1β production on low dose of LPS compared to control and high dose of LPS groups (p<0.05). Whereas TNF-α not significantly showed increasing trend. The increasing trend of pro-inflammatory cytokine productions, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, on LPS-induced periodontitis model in this experiment supports the previous studies about the contribution of periodontal disease in the pathogenesis of systemic diseases

Rapid enamel deposition on Sprague Dawley after nano calcium supplementation during pregnancy

Calcium is one of the most important minerals needed during hard tissue development. The preparation of this material into nano-sized particle is carried out to enhance the bioavailability and distribution of calcium in the body. Lack of calcium during odontogenesis causes defect in enamel such as hypoplasia and hypomineralization. During amelogenesis, after secretion of organic matrices, enamel mineralization will start in the presence of calcium. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nano calcium supplementation during pregnancy on enamel development. In this study, 3-month-old female Sprague Dawley were mated and divided into three groups: nano calcium group (A), micro calcium group (B), and negative control group (C). The treatment was started on day 1 of pregnancy to day 1 after birth by intragastric administration method. The mandibles of 6 pups from each group were collected and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Examination was conducted using microscope. Enamel deposition was measured using Optilab Image Raster® and the data collected was analyzed using t-test. Histological section of mandibular right first molar on Sprague Dawley newborn pups showed that enamel was observed on day 1 after birth but only on the group treated with nano calcium and micro calcium. Statistical analysis performed showed that the difference between the two groups was significant (p<0.05). From this study it can be concluded that the administration of nano calcium during pregnancy leads to rapid enamel deposition on Sprague Dawley pups

The effect of in vitro royal jelly provision on adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic bacterium, which could aggressively infect immunocompromised patients and thus, cause high mortality rate. In addition, P. aeruginosa in oropharynx could be aspirated and cause ventilator associated pneumonia. Royal jelly is one of bee’s products that has been used for therapeutic needs including antibacteria. Adherence factor of P. aeruginosa were flagelum, pili and lectin. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of royal jelly to P. aeruginosa adhesion. Suspension of P. aeruginosa (ATCC® 27853) was incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. Treatment groups were exposed to royal jelly with several concentrations, 2%, 4%, 6%; while distilled water was being used as negative control. Bacterial adhesion test was determined using spectrophotometer λ = 600 nm to measure optical density values of adhered bacterial suspension in tubes. The result of one-way ANOVA showed significant differences (p<0.05) of optical density values among groups indicating that royal jelly affected the bacterial adhesion. LSD results showed significant difference of optical density values between 2%, 4%, and 6% royal jelly compared to distilled water. Six percent of royal jelly had the least optical density value compared to the other groups. In conclusion, royal jelly has the ability to decrease adhesion of P. aeruginosa. Six percent of royal jelly has better ability to decrease adhesion of P. aeruginosa than other concentrations

Hidrofobisitas bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 setelah dipapar dengan ekstrak lidah buaya (Aloe vera)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa merupakan salah satu mikroorganisme dengan kemampuan melekat dan membentuk biofilm pada dental unit waterline yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial dan infeksi sekunder periapikal terutama pada pasien yang memiliki sistem imun yang rendah dan tidak stabil. Hidrofobisitas merupakan sifat fisikokimiawi utama yang berperan pada tahap awal adhesi bakteri dan pembentukan biofilm. Tanaman lidah buaya (Aloe vera) berpotensi menghambat perlekatan bakteri karena mengandung komponen aktif seperti tanin, flavonoid,saponin dan terpenoid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak lidah buaya terhadap hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian eksperimental laboratoris yang menggunakan sampel berjumlah 24 yang terbagi dalam empat kelompok yaitu satu kelompok kontrol negatif dan tiga kelompok perlakuan dengan masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari enam sampel. Lidah buaya diekstraksi denganmenggunakan metode maserasi kemudian diencerkan dengan menggunakan akuades. Pengamatan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 menggunakan metode pengukuran sudut kontak. Suspensi bakteri dicampur dengan akuades pada kelompok kontrol dan ekstrak lidah buaya pada subkelompok perlakuan dengan konsentrasi masingmasing 8,5%, 17%, dan 34%. Suspensi yang telah tercampur diinkubasi, kemudian didepositkan ke dalam membranfilter selulosa asetat. Pada membran filter selulosa asetat dilakukan drop-profile analysis dan dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran sudut kontak menggunakan software Image-J. Selanjutnya data dianalisis menggunakan uji One-way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan post hoc LSD (p < 0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks hidrofobisitas tertinggi terlihat pada kontrol negatif dan indeks hidrofobisitas terendah terlihat pada kelompok ekstrak lidah buaya dengankonsentrasi 34%. Hasil One-way ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak lidah buaya pada semua kelompok signifikan dalam menurunkan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145. Hasil LSD test menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak lidah buaya dengan konsentrasi 34% merupakan konsentrasi yang paling efektif dalam menurunkan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak lidah buaya bermakna menurunkan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 dan konsentrasi 34% memiliki efek tertinggi dalam menurunkan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi 8,5% dan 17%

DISCONTINUITY OF VERTEBRAL BONE TRABECULAE AS THE EFFECT 0 F ESCHERICHIA COLI LIPOPOLISACCHARIDE LOCAL INJECTIONS ON PERIODONTAL TISSUES (AN IN VIVO STUDY ON WIST AR RATS)

Background. Lipopolisaccharide is one of the primary cause of periodontal disease involving tooth supporting bone destruction. It has been widely known that periodontal disease may trigger some sistemic diseases. The aim of this research is to clarify whether Escherichiacoli lipopolisaccharide local injections on periodontal tissues might affect the destruction of vertebral bone. Methods.Fifteen Wistar rats were devided into two groups, treatment and control groups. Ten JlIof 10Jlgor 100&m

Potential targets of phytochemical immunomodulatory therapy in periodontitis immunopathogenesis: A narrative review

Introduction: Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent diseases occurring worldwide, and is caused by an imbalance of host immunological defenses and microbiome profile which occurs in the oral cavity. This imbalance leads to irregularity and uncontrolled activities of immune cells, resulting in over-reactivity of periodontopathogens and tissue destruction. To alleviate periodontitis, exact targeting of specific events involving particular cells could be a potential application of immunomodulatory agents. Phytochemical drug development targeting specific immunopathogenesis events could be a promising complementary, alternative approach to periodontal therapy. Objectives: This review aimed to explore various events involving a variety of cells in the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis in order to determine potential specific immunomodulation targets for future development of effective phytochemical drugs. Results: Immunopathogenesis of periodontitis contributes significantly to the disease onset and resolution. Various events occur during the disease development, which involve a variety of immune cells and mediators. Among these, neutrophils, cytokines and lymphocytes, especially Th17 cells, were reported to be the most relevant components in the disease pathogenesis. These components affect the initial responses to periodontopathogens, inhibit oxidative stress formation, control intercellular communication to enhance inflammation, and promote effector cells’ migration to induce alveolar bone resorption. Several phytochemical drugs were developed to cure periodontitis, however, the development of phytochemical immunomodulatory drugs to target specific events has not been realized. Conclusion: This review concluded that development of phytochemical immunomodulatory drugs to target particular events generated by neutrophils, pro-inflammatory cytokines and lymphocytes has tremendous potential to regulate and modulate the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BUBUK TULANG AYAM PADA INDUK TIKUS Sprague dawley SELAMA MASA KEHAMILAN DAN MENYUSUI TERHADAP KETEBALAN DENTIN GIGI ANAKAN

Nutritional deficiency during pregnancy may impair children�s tooth formation. Chicken bones contains various proteins and minerals that can be used as an additional nutrient provider. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chicken bone powder administered on Sprague dawley rats during pregnancy and lactation on pups� dentin thickness. Nine Sprague dawley female rats aged 10-12 weeks with approximately weight 200-250 g were divided into 2 groups: a control group consisted of a sub-group of negative control (A) and comparator (B), and a treatment group (C). Since the first day of pregnancy until the pups were 5 days old, each sub group and group were intragastric administered with 2 ml of suspension per day. Suspension of 2,5% CMC-Na, 1,5% of multivitamins and minerals, and 13,75% of chicken bone powder was given to group A, B, and C, consecutively. At the age of 5 days old, four rat pups of each group were sacrificed, the mandibles were collected, histologicaly processed, and stained with HE. The observation of the first molar tooth dentin thickness was done under light microscope in the magnification of 100 x. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and LSD post-hoc test (p<0,05). The administration of chicken bone powder during pregnancy and lactation on the mother rats showed a significant effect to the pup�s dentin thickness. It is concluded that the administration of chicken powder in mother rats during pregnancy and lactation may increase the thickness of dentin on rat pups

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN SUPLEMEN BUBUK TULANG AYAM SELAMA MASA KEHAMILAN DAN MENYUSUI TERHADAP KADAR KALSIUM GIGI ANAK (Kajian in vivo pada tikus putih galur Sprague dawley)

Calcium is one of important mineral in the growth of tooth and bone. The intake of additional calcium from diet may help to maintain the level of calcium during pregnancy and lactation periods. Chicken bone contains high calcium and can be used as a source of natural calcium due to its bioavailability. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of chicken bone powder during pregnancy and lactation period of mother rat on calcium level of Sprague dawley pups� teeth. Six Sprague dawley female rats aged 3 months (200-250 g body weight) were divided into 2 groups: treatment and control groups. Treatment group were given chicken bone powder supplement 1375 mg/kg rat�s body weight in 2.5% CMC-Na from the first day of pregnancy up to fifteenth day after the delivery of the pups. Control group were given CMC-Na 2.5%. Two ml of suspension was given by intragastric administration once a day. On the fifteenth day, the rat pups were sacrificed and the teeth of both groups were collected. The calcium level of the tooth was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method on the wave length of 422.7 nm. The data were analyzed using independent sample t-test to determine the significance of mean between two different groups. The results showed that the teeth calcium level of treatment group was significantly higher than the control group (p=0.003). It is concluded that the administration of chicken bone powder during pregnancy and lactation period of mother rat increases the calcium level of Sprague dawley pups� teeth