Økonomi og levekår for ulike grupper trygdemottakere, 2001

Denne rapporten beskriver ulike sosiale forhold for følgende grupper av trygdemottakere: alderspensjonister, uførepensjonister, enslige forsørgere, langtidssyke, pensjonister med avtalefestet pensjon (AFP) og etterlatte pensjonister. I tillegg følger et eget kapitel om sosialhjelpsmottakere. Formålet med publikasjonen er å belyse ulike sider ved disse gruppenes økonomiske levekår og velferd, samt å vise hvordan utviklingen har vært innenfor disse områdene de siste årene. Levekårssituasjonen til gruppene er kartlagt ved hjelp av opplysninger om inntekt og formue, tilknyting til arbeidslivet, utdanning, helse og boligforhold. Til dette formålet er det benyttet data fra en rekke ulike kilder, fra heldekkende statistiske registre og databaser til mindre utvalgsundersøkelser. Publikasjonen er et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Seksjon for inntekts- og lønnsstatistikk og Seksjon for levekårsstatistikk. Arbeidet med publikasjonen har vært ledet av en redaksjonskomité som har bestått av Arne S. Andersen, Eva Birkeland, Jon Epland og Mads Ivar Kirkeberg. I tillegg har følgene medarbeidere bidratt med materiale: Ingunn Helde, Ahmed Mohamed, Vidar Pedersen og Øyvind Sivertstøl. Marit Vågdal har stått for redigering og ferdigstilling av rapporten. Arbeidet med publikasjonen har blitt finansiert av Sosialdepartementet som del av et opplegg for fast sosial rapportering. Dette betyr at publikasjonen vi bli oppdatert med jevne mellomrom

Attenuated Fatigue in Slow Twitch Skeletal Muscle during Isotonic Exercise in Rats with Chronic Heart Failure

During isometric contractions, slow twitch soleus muscles (SOL) from rats with chronic heart failure (chf) are more fatigable than those of sham animals. However, a muscle normally shortens during activity and fatigue development is highly task dependent. Therefore, we examined the development of skeletal muscle fatigue during shortening (isotonic) contractions in chf and sham-operated rats. Six weeks following coronary artery ligation, infarcted animals were classified as failing (chf) if left ventricle end diastolic pressure was >15mmHg. During isoflurane anaesthesia, SOL with intact blood supply was stimulated (1s on 1s off) at 30Hz for 15 min and allowed to shorten isotonically against a constant afterload. Muscle temperature was maintained at 37°C. In resting muscle, maximum isometric force (Fmax) and the concentrations of ATP and CrP were not different in the two groups. During stimulation, Fmax and the concentrations declined in parallel sham and chf. Fatigue, which was evident as reduced shortening during stimulation, was also not different in the two groups. The isometric force decline was fitted to a bi-exponential decay equation. Both time constants increased transiently and returned to initial values after approximately 200 s of the fatigue protocol. This resulted in a transient rise in baseline tension between stimulations, although this effect which was less prominent in chf than sham. Myosin light chain 2s phosphorylation declined in both groups after 100 s of isotonic contractions, and remained at this level throughout 15 min of stimulation. In spite of higher energy demand during isotonic than isometric contractions, both shortening capacity and rate of isometric force decline were as well or better preserved in fatigued SOL from chf rats than in sham. This observation is in striking contrast to previous reports which have employed isometric contractions to induce fatigue

Økonomi og levekår for ulike grupper trygdemottakere, 2001

Denne rapporten beskriver ulike sosiale forhold for følgende grupper av trygdemottakere: alderspensjonister, uførepensjonister, enslige forsørgere, langtidssyke, pensjonister med avtalefestet pensjon (AFP) og etterlatte pensjonister. I tillegg følger et eget kapitel om sosialhjelpsmottakere. Formålet med publikasjonen er å belyse ulike sider ved disse gruppenes økonomiske levekår og velferd, samt å vise hvordan utviklingen har vært innenfor disse områdene de siste årene. Levekårssituasjonen til gruppene er kartlagt ved hjelp av opplysninger om inntekt og formue, tilknyting til arbeidslivet, utdanning, helse og boligforhold. Til dette formålet er det benyttet data fra en rekke ulike kilder, fra heldekkende statistiske registre og databaser til mindre utvalgsundersøkelser. Publikasjonen er et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Seksjon for inntekts- og lønnsstatistikk og Seksjon for levekårsstatistikk. Arbeidet med publikasjonen har vært ledet av en redaksjonskomité som har bestått av Arne S. Andersen, Eva Birkeland, Jon Epland og Mads Ivar Kirkeberg. I tillegg har følgene medarbeidere bidratt med materiale: Ingunn Helde, Ahmed Mohamed, Vidar Pedersen og Øyvind Sivertstøl. Marit Vågdal har stått for redigering og ferdigstilling av rapporten. Arbeidet med publikasjonen har blitt finansiert av Sosialdepartementet som del av et opplegg for fast sosial rapportering. Dette betyr at publikasjonen vi bli oppdatert med jevne mellomrom

Kidney Transplant Recipient Behavior During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey Study in Norway

Rationale & Objective Studies published from countries with a high prevalence of COVID-19 have found increased incidence and a more severe disease course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in kidney transplant recipients than in the general population. We investigated how the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the everyday life of kidney transplant recipients in a country with a low infection burden. Study Design Prospective case-control study. Setting & Participants All adult kidney transplant recipients in Norway with a functioning graft and listed in the public phone registry (n = 3,060) and a group of randomly recruited individuals >18 years from the general population (n = 20,000) were invited to participate in the study by an SMS text message. In parallel, all kidney transplant recipients in Norway were invited to measure severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG from mid-June to October 2020. Predictors The participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire focused on everyday life, travel history, exposure to known COVID-19 cases, and demographics. Analytical Approach Groups were compared with independent tests using 2-sided 0.05 significance levels. Results A total of 1,007 kidney transplant recipients and 4,409 controls answered the questionnaire. The kidney transplant recipients reported being more concerned about SARS-CoV-2 infection (27%) than the control group (7%; P value < 0.001); ie, they behaved more carefully in their everyday life (not going to the grocery store, 5.9% vs 0.9%, P < 0.001; keeping at least 1 meter distance, 16.6% vs 5.8%, P < 0.001). Of the kidney transplant responders, 81% had a SARS-CoV-2 IgG taken; all were negative. Limitations Mortality data is not reliable because of the low number of SARS-CoV-2 infected kidney transplant recipients in Norway. The relatively low questionnaire response rate for kidney transplant recipients is not optimal. Conclusions The questionnaire shows that kidney transplant recipients have behaved more carefully compared with the general population with less social interaction and a very high degree of adherence to governmental advice

Isometric and isotonic properties during dynamic exercise.

<p>The rates were calculated for every stimulation cycle. The complete tracing is shown for the initial 5 min, while the subsequent 10 min is not shown. The rates at 15 min are indicated. Black and gray lines are responses from SOL of sham (n = 22) and chf (n = 24) rats, respectively. <i>A,</i> Rate of isometric force development during the exercise protocol (<i>solid lines:</i> dF/dt_max (confer <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1E</a>)) and rate isometric force decline (<i>dashed lines:</i> −dF/dt_max (confer <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1E</a>)). Note the transient nature of −dF/dt_max in contrast to dF/dt_max. <i>B</i>, Baseline tension (T_bl, confer <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1E</a>) before a new stimulation cycle starts. <i>C</i>, Isotonic shortening velocity (<i>solid lines:</i> dL/dt_max (confer <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1B</a>)) and isotonic relengthening velocity (<i>dashed lines:</i> −dL/dt_max (confer <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1B</a>)) during shortening exercise. Note that±dL/dt_max do not show the same transient behavior as −dF/dt_max in Panel A. <i>D</i>, Shortening, (S_max, confer <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1B</a>). <i>A</i>–<i>D</i>, Bars at 0 s, 100 s, 300 s and 900 s time points are SEM. *p<0.05 vs. 0 s. †p<0.05 vs. sham.</p

Isometric force decline.

<p><i>A, B and C</i>: Representative tracings of the isometric relaxation curves after 0 s (<i>A</i>), 100 s (<i>B</i>) and 300 s (<i>C</i>) of the exercise protocol. Note the time lag before force decline starts (marked with ¤) due to time required for relengthening. The transient slowing of isotonic relengthening peaked after 100 s of stimulation (confer <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2C</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g003" target="_blank">3F and G</a>). Sham in black and chf in gray. <i>D and E</i>: Time constants (tau1 (<i>D</i>) and tau2 (E), average values for sham (n = 22) and chf (n = 24)) from the isometric force decline at 0, 100, 300, 450, 600 and 900 s of stimulation calculated from a fitted biexponential decay curve. Error bars are ± SEM. Sham in black and chf in gray. †p<0.05 vs. sham. <i>F</i> and <i>G:</i> Averaged force recordings (y-axis) during the period of relaxation (isotonic and isometric phases, x-axis), assembled for the first 5 min of exercise (z-axis) for sham (<i>F</i>, n = 22) and chf (<i>G</i>, n = 24). The time period for relengthening before force decline starts is indicated (black line marked with ¤, confer same symbol in panel <i>A</i>, <i>B</i> and <i>C</i>). T_bl is indicated with a red line. Note the transient rise after 100 s in both groups (confer <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2B</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022695#pone-0022695-g003" target="_blank">3A, B and C</a>). Since there is no difference between the two groups regarding the isotonic relengthening (black line, <i>F</i> and <i>G</i> (¤)), the attenuated increase in T_bl in chf compared to sham after 100 s (red line, <i>F</i> and <i>G</i>) is due to differences in the isometric force decline.</p

Characteristics of the experimental groups.

<p>BW: body weight; LW: lung weight; LAd: left atrial diameter; LVDd: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVDs: left ventricular systolic diameter; FS: fractional shortening.</p><p>All values are average ± SEM (n)</p><p>*p<0.05 vs SHAM.</p

Isometric properties of SOL from CHF and SHAM rats stimulated at 100 Hz at rest and after 100 s and 15 min of the isotonic contractions.

<p>CTR – contralateral, resting SOL. EX – exercising SOL.</p><p>All values are average ± SEM (n)</p><p>*p<0.05 vs CTR.</p