Cognitive foundations of impartial punitive decision making in organizations: attribution and abstraction

Partial decision making about disciplinary responses to misbehavior is generally considered unfair and undermines the effectiveness of punishment. Nonetheless, organizational actors often struggle to remain impartial in situations that call for punishment. Impartiality appears specifically hard to obtain when some element of the transgression reflects badly upon the punisher themselves, for instance, when in the past the punisher has benefited from the misbehavior, even if just derivatively. In this paper, we argue that in such cases, punishers tend to defensively attribute causes of the transgression to the circumstances in order to protect their own self‐image, thus leading them to relatively lenient punishments. However, we also suggest that psychological impartiality can be obtained through cognitive abstraction. An abstract understanding (high‐level construal) of the punitive situation puts the focus squarely on the gist of the situation and makes circumstantial details less likely to be cognitively available. This hinders defensive circumstantial attribution. We show in a field study and an experiment that partiality in making decisions about punishments occurs under conditions of low‐level (i.e., concrete) construal, whereas impartiality is facilitated by high‐level (i.e., abstract) construal

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination across a cascade of knowledge, willingness, and uptake among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Canada’s three largest cities

Background Some Canadian jurisdictions offer publicly funded HPV vaccine to gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) aged ≤26 years. We characterized factors associated with being in different stages of HPV vaccination. Methods Engage is a sexual health study of GBM in the three largest Canadian cities recruited via respondent driven sampling (RDS). We categorized participants as: (1) unaware of HPV vaccine, (2) undecided/unwilling to get vaccinated, (3) willing to get vaccinated, (4) vaccinated with one or more doses. Our RDS-II weighted analyses used multinomial logistic regression to identify factors associated with being in earlier stages of the cascade compared to Stage 4. Results Across the cities, 26–40%, 7–14%, 33–39%, and 13–28% were in Stages 1 to 4, respectively. Compared to Stage 4, being in earlier stages of the cascade was associated with bisexual-identification (Stage 1: adjusted odds ratio[aOR] = 2.84, 95% confidence interval[CI] = 1.06–7.62; Stage 2: aOR = 3.09, 95%CI = 1.19–8.05), having immigrated to Canada (Stage 1: aOR = 1.79, 95%CI 1.07–2.99), preference to keep same-sex romantic relationships private (Stage 1: aOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.05–1.48; Stage 2: aOR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.05–1.46), not receiving sexual health information (Stage 1: aOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.13–0.71; Stage 2: aOR = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.12–0.64), not accessing a health-care provider (Stage 2: aOR = 0.36, 95%CI = 0.15–0.83), and no past hepatitis A/B vaccination (Stage 1: aOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.09–0.30; Stage 2: aOR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.09–0.35; Stage 3: aOR = 0.38, 95%CI = 0.21–0.61). Discussion Interventions are needed to reduce social and financial barriers, increase sexual health knowledge, and improve GBM-competent health-care access to increase vaccine uptake among GBM

Kuvallisia oppaita maahanmuuttajille

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tuottaa neuvolaan maahanmuuttajille suunnattuja oppaita. Opinnäytetyön tilaaja oli Hämeenlinnan kaupunki. Neuvoloihin kaivattiin oppaita, joita maahanmuuttajat voisivat tulkita ilman suomen kielen taitoa. Oppaat toteutettiin yhteistyössä Hämeenlinnan neuvoloiden kanssa ja ne pohjautuvat heidän tarpeisiinsa. Opinnäytetyö oli toiminnallinen opinnäytetyö. Toiminnallisessa opinnäytetyössä on toiminnallinen osa sekä teoreettinen viitekehys. Opinnäytetyön toiminnallisena osuutena toteutettiin kolme erilaista opasta. Oppaissa on pyritty ottamaan huomioon monikulttuurisuuden tuomat haasteet. Oppaat perustuvat kuvalliseen ohjaukseen, jotta maahanmuuttajan olisi helppo tulkita oppaita ilman suomen kielen taitoa. Teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä perehdyttiin monikulttuuriseen hoitotyöhön ja ohjaukseen sekä kulttuurin vaikutuksiin terveydenhuollossa. Lisäksi teoriaosuuteen haettiin tietoa kuvallisesta ohjauksesta ja oppaan toteuttamisesta. Monikulttuurisuus on nykypäivää terveydenhuollossa ja se tuo mukanaan hoitotyöhön monipuolisuutta mutta myös omat haasteensa. Uskon, että tulevaisuudessakin vastaavanlaista materiaalia tarvitaan maahanmuuttajien kokonaisvaltaisen hoidon saavuttamiseksi.The purpose of the Bachelor’s thesis was to produce guides for immigrants to the child health clinic. The commissioner of this thesis was the city of Hämeenlinna. The child health clinics needed guides that immigrants could interpret without knowledge of Finnish language. Guides were carried out in alliance with the Hämeenlinna clinics and they are based on their needs. The thesis was practice based thesis. In the practice based thesis there is a practice based part and a theoretical framework. The practice based part of the thesis consisted of three different guides. The guides are aimed to take in to account the challenges brought by multiculturalism. The guides are based on visual control to make it easy for immigrants to interpret the guides without Finnish language skills. The theoretical basis of the thesis familiarized in multicultural nursing care and guidance. The theoretical framework also dealt with cultural impacts of health care. In addition to the theoretical part information about illustrated guidance and implementation of the guide were sought. The conclusion was that multiculturalism is present in health care and it brings versatility of nursing care but in also brings its own challenges in the health care. Based on the collected information it can be believed that in the future a similar material is needed to achieve comprehensive care of immigrants