Why do doctored images distort memory?

Doctored images can cause people to believe in and remember experiences that never occurred, yet the underlying mechanism(s) responsible are not well understood. How does compelling false evidence distort autobiographical memory? Subjects were filmed observing and copying a Research Assistant performing simple actions, then they returned 2 days later for a memory test. Before taking the test, subjects viewed video-clips of simple actions, including actions that they neither observed nor performed earlier. We varied the format of the video-clips between-subjects to tap into the source-monitoring mechanisms responsible for the ‘doctored-evidence effect.’ The distribution of belief and memory distortions across conditions suggests that at least two mechanisms are involved: doctored images create an illusion of familiarity, and also enhance the perceived credibility of false suggestions. These findings offer insight into how external evidence influences source-monitoring

Phylloquinone biosynthetic pathway

Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy to drive the biological processes of life on our planet. Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the two reaction centers of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and higher plants. PSI is a multisubunit membrane bound protein complex that catalyzes the photooxidation of plastocyanin in the thylakoid lumen and the photoreduction of ferredoxin in the cytoplasm. The PsaA/PsaB subunits form the heterodimeric core that harbors the primary electron donor P700 and acceptors A0, A1, and FX. Two electron acceptors, F A and FB, occupy PsaC one of three peripheral proteins bound to PSI. The secondary electron acceptor, A1, contains a phylloquinone, a molecule utilized only in PSI. The object of this dissertation is to probe phylloquinone biosynthesis and the bioenergetic aspects of phylloquinone, plastoquinone, and other naphthoquinones in the A1 site of PSI;To investigate phylloquinone\u27s role in PSI, we substituted alternative naphthoquinones and plastoquinone into the A1 site to observe the physiological of the cells and energetic changes in PSI. Menaquinone biosynthetic genes have been identified in E. coli with the phylloquinone homologs elucidated from the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genome. Four phylloquinone biosynthetic genes in Synechocystis have been mutationally disabled, menA, menB, menD, and menE, leading to a complete loss of phylloquinone in the cells. The plastoquinone containing mutant occupies the A1 site instead, allowing a reduced 2 electron transfer in PSI rate. The orientation and distance of the mutant A1 quinone to P700 is the same as wild type. Physiological changes in the mutants include decreased growth rate, oxygen evolution, and chlorophyll content. Addition of the direct product of naphthoate synthase (menB), 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, restored phylloquinone content of the PSI complexes to the wild-type levels. Mutant cells also utilize free phylloquinone from the growth medium to displace plastoquinone in PSI. Addition of vitamin K3, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, or 1,2-naphthoquinone allowed the cells to synthesize phytylated naphthoquinones, which were inserted into the A1 site in a fraction of the PSI complexes. This dissertation determined the biosynthetic pathway of phylloquinone and alternative phytylated quinones in the A1 site are capable of electron transfer from A0 to FX

Investing in Stocks

3 pp.In this publication you will find all the basics about investing in stocks, from an explanation of the types of stocks available to a description of exchange traded funds. The benefits of owning stock are described

Behavioural Display Systems Across Nine \u3cem\u3eAnolis\u3c/em\u3e Lizard Species: Sexual Dimorphisms in Structure and Function

Relationships between structure and function are a primary focus in biology, yet they are most often considered within individual species. Sexually dimorphic communication behaviours and the morphology of associated structures can vary widely, even among closely related species, and these traits provide an ideal opportunity to investigate the evolution of structure-function patterns. Using nine Anolis lizard species, we addressed a series of questions regarding sex differences in and the evolution of relationships between extension of the throat fan (dewlap) and morphology of the muscles and cartilage controlling it. The main results indicated that within species, males displayed the dewlap more often than females and consistently exhibited larger associated structures. These data are consistent with work in other vertebrates in which corresponding sex differences in reproductive morphology and behaviour have been documented. Across species, however, we found no evidence that the rate of dewlap extension evolved in association with dewlap morphology. Thus, we provide an example of traits that, when considered in a phylogenetic framework, exhibited limited associations between behaviour and morphology, perhaps as the result of constraints imposed by the ecological contexts in which different species occur

Student Support Services and the Behavioral Intervention Team | Brownbag Series

Bring your lunch and learn from your colleagues! Brownbag lunch presentations will be held four times this semester with different faculty members presenting topics that may be helpful to you

Space Station Biological Research Project: Reference Experiment Book

The Space Station Biological Research Project (SSBRP), which is the combined efforts of the Centrifuge Facility (CF) and the Gravitational Biology Facility (GBF), is responsible for the development of life sciences hardware to be used on the International Space Station to support cell, developmental, and plant biology research. The SSBRP Reference Experiment Book was developed to use as a tool for guiding this development effort. The reference experiments characterize the research interests of the international scientific community and serve to identify the hardware capabilities and support equipment needed to support such research. The reference experiments also serve as a tool for understanding the operational aspects of conducting research on board the Space Station. This material was generated by the science community by way of their responses to reference experiment solicitation packages sent to them by SSBRP scientists. The solicitation process was executed in two phases. The first phase was completed in February of 1992 and the second phase completed in November of 1995. Representing these phases, the document is subdivided into a Section 1 and a Section 2. The reference experiments contained in this document are only representative microgravity experiments. They are not intended to define actual flight experiments. Ground and flight experiments will be selected through the formal NASA Research Announcement (NRA) and Announcement of Opportunity (AO) experiment solicitation, review, and selection process

A Tandem Enol Silane Formation-Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction Mediated by TMSOTf

A slight excess of silyl trifluoromethanesulfonate mediates a tandem enol silane formation-Mukaiyama aldol reaction in the presence of Hunig’s base. Preformation of the enol silane is unnecessary for efficient reactions, which proceed in 75–97% yield for the addition of aryl methyl ketones and acetate esters to non-enolizable aldehydes. Mechanistic data suggests that free amine is crucial for full conversion

Determining Optimal Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer Using Random Parameter Models

The parameters of yield response functions can vary by year. Past studies usually assume yield functions are nstochastic ‘‘limited’’ stochastic. In this study, we estimate rye– ryegrass yield functions in which all parameters are random. The three functional forms considered are the linear response plateau, the quadratic, and the Spillman-Mitscherlich. Nonstochastic yield models are rejected in favor of stochastic parameter models. Quadratic functional forms fit the data poorly. Optimal nitrogen application recommendations are calculated for the linear response plateau and Spillman-Mitscherlich. The stochastic models lead to smaller recommended levels of nitrogen, but the economic benefits of using fully stochastic crop yield functions are small because expected profit functions are relatively flat for the stochastic yield functions. Stochastic crop yield functions provide a way of incorporating production, uncertainty into input decisions.cereal rye–ryegrass, Monte Carlo, nitrogen, random parameters, stochastic plateau, Production Economics, Q10, C12, D24,