Boundary value problem analyzed.

<p>(A) confocal micrograph of cardiomyocyte, (B) schematic of cell-in-gel experiment (contracted configuration of cell exaggerated).</p

Nomenclature.

<p>Nomenclature.</p

Axial strain knockdown factor for the inhomogeneous inclusion.

<p>Axial constrained strain of the inclusion normalized by transformation strain is plotted against matrix/inclusion modulus ratio for several inclusion aspect ratios with fixed.</p

Normalized strain energy for the inhomogeneous inclusion problem versus modulus ratio .

<p>The strain energies are normalized by the inclusion modulus and inclusion volume and are calculated for the baseline case (, ).</p

Inhomogeneous inclusion results (baseline case , ) versus modulus ratio .

<p>(A) strain magnitudes are normalized by the magnitude of transformation strain , (B) stress components , mean stress , and maximum shear stress , each normalized by inclusion modulus .</p

Mesoscale Organization in a Physically Separated Vacuum Residue: Comparison to Asphaltenes in a Simple Solvent

Physical separation of heavy oils and bitumen is of particular interest because it improves the description of the chemical and structural organization in these industrial and challenging fluids (Zhao, B.; Shaw, J. M. Composition and size distribution of coherent nanostructures in Athabasca bitumen and Maya crude oil. Energy Fuels 2007, 21, 2795−2804). In this study, permeates and retentates, differing in aggregate concentrations and sizes, were obtained from nanofiltration of a vacuum residue at 200 °C with membranes of varying pore size. Elemental composition and density extrapolations show that aggregates are best represented as <i>n</i>-pentane asphaltenes, while the dispersing phase corresponds to <i>n</i>-pentane maltenes. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements are processed, on this basis, to calculate the size and mass of the aggregates. Aggregates in the vacuum residue are similar in size and mass to asphaltenes in toluene, and temperature elevation decreases the size of the aggregates. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) highlights a coherent domain observed for fluids containing aggregates, corresponding to aromatic stacking described for dry asphaltenes. The scattered signal in this region, not observed in maltenes, grows as aggregate content increases, and the signal persists up to 300 °C. A generic behavior of aggregation in the vacuum residue is depicted, from nanoaggregates to large fractal clusters with high aggregation numbers, that is similar to the organization in toluene

Table1_The use of high frequency microwaves in absolute palaeomagnetic intensity experiments.XLSX

The Microwave Palaeointensity System at the University of Liverpool has developed, over 30 years, into the current third generation version; a combined 14 GHz microwave resonant cavity and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer integrated microwave system. The use of microwave energy minimises the bulk temperatures required to demagnetise and remagnetise palaeomagnetic material, thereby limiting the significant problem of thermo-chemical alteration of magnetic minerals. Here we review the microwave palaeointensity approach, including its development, technical details, modern usage and results. We have carried out a comprehensive analysis of 20 palaeointensity studies, published between 2008 and 2022, where data collected using the microwave system may be compared with various other methods at the site level. An assessment of microwave results revealed no statistical bias compared to thermal, and known field data. We also present results from a new controlled experiment which tests the ability of the microwave to accurately recover weak, ancient palaeointensities when strongly overprinted. We conclude that the microwave system can be used for the primary method of determining accurate absolute palaeointensities or as part of a multi-method approach, and is well suited to a wide range of material from archaeomagnetic samples to ancient rocks.</p

Table2_The use of high frequency microwaves in absolute palaeomagnetic intensity experiments.XLSX

The Microwave Palaeointensity System at the University of Liverpool has developed, over 30 years, into the current third generation version; a combined 14 GHz microwave resonant cavity and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer integrated microwave system. The use of microwave energy minimises the bulk temperatures required to demagnetise and remagnetise palaeomagnetic material, thereby limiting the significant problem of thermo-chemical alteration of magnetic minerals. Here we review the microwave palaeointensity approach, including its development, technical details, modern usage and results. We have carried out a comprehensive analysis of 20 palaeointensity studies, published between 2008 and 2022, where data collected using the microwave system may be compared with various other methods at the site level. An assessment of microwave results revealed no statistical bias compared to thermal, and known field data. We also present results from a new controlled experiment which tests the ability of the microwave to accurately recover weak, ancient palaeointensities when strongly overprinted. We conclude that the microwave system can be used for the primary method of determining accurate absolute palaeointensities or as part of a multi-method approach, and is well suited to a wide range of material from archaeomagnetic samples to ancient rocks.</p

HybPiper assemblies for Johnson et al. (2016)

Output of HybPiper for 22 Artocarpus species and six outgroups, including Ficus and Morus. BWA was used to map the reads to the targets, including 333 genes used for phylogenetics (prefix "gene"), 98 MADS-Box genes (prefix "MB") and 27 genes functionally annotated as involved in volatile compounds (prefix "Vol"). After running the main HybPiper script (reads_first.py) we also ran "intronerate.py" to extract exon sequences, "paralog_investigator.py" to extract putative paralog sequences, "depth_calculator.py" to estimate depth of coverage in recovered exon sequence, and "cleanup.py" to remove redundant files from the SPAdes contig assembly. Data from: Johnson M., E.M. Gardner, J. Shaw, Y. Liu, R. Medina, B. Goffinet, N.J.C. Zerega, and N. Wickett. HybPiper: extracting phylogenetic datasets from high-throughput sequencing reads using targeted bait capture. Applications in Plant Science

Embedding open and reproducible science into teaching: A bank of lesson plans and resources.

Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on embedding open and reproducible approaches into research. One essential step in accomplishing this larger goal is to embed such practices into undergraduate and postgraduate research training. However, this often requires substantial time and resources to implement. Also, while many pedagogical resources are regularly developed for this purpose, they are not often openly and actively shared with the wider community. The creation and public sharing of open educational resources is useful for educators who wish to embed open scholarship and reproducibility into their teaching and learning. In this article, we describe and openly share a bank of teaching resources and lesson plans on the broad topics of open scholarship, open science, replication, and reproducibility that can be integrated into taught courses to support educators and instructors. These resources were created as part of the Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science (SIPS) hackathon at the 2021 Annual Conference, and we detail this collaborative process in the article. By sharing these open pedagogical resources, we aim to reduce the labor required to develop and implement open scholarship content to further the open scholarship and open educational materials movement. </p