Social Control and Incarceration in Lesotho: A History of Strategies, 1850-1970

This dissertation explores how technologies and infrastructures for promoting control and cohesion have interfaced with the social and political history of Lesotho over the longue durée. This approach allows for tracing lines of historical continuity and change during a period spanning the coalescing of the nation from communities on the Southern African Highveld in the early-19th century, the onset and grinding realities of British colonial rule and the rise of a local economy dependent on labor migration to South Africa, and the unravelling of empire and the challenges of governance in the years following official national liberation in 1966. I detail how social control strategies over the 19th and 20th centuries interfaced with local and imperial political exigencies, shifts in international penological, biomedical, and scientific racist discourse, and, above all, the responses and forms of knowledge produced by Basotho confronted with coercive technologies and infrastructures. I argue that whereas Highveld technologies disciplined conformity inside of societies, the colonial state introduced prisons and other new punitive technologies as engines for producing social and moral alterity within the politically bounded community. The colonial administration sought to use carceral detention to subjectify and problematize groups of people as embodied threats, on account of their supposedly essential criminality, lunacy, and, for a time, leprosy infectiousness. The motivations for these moves were both ideological and instrumental: in addition to officers wanting to confront conduct which they viewed as problematic in its own right, the creation of the need to control internal problem people(s) served as a basis for shared work with local partners. While shifting punitive regimes did indeed coercively impose a measure of control and open new social fissures, this process never played out precisely as envisioned. In the late colonial era, mounting local and metropolitan pressure led the administration to reverse course: rather than using judicial punishments to simply try to deter crime and stigmatize particular social groups, prison administrators and staff were charged with rehabilitating supposedly maladjusted people for reintegration back into the national community. The Prison Service stuck to this official mission, moreover, even as social tensions and political conflict escalated in the years following independence

Petrology and Sedimentation of Early Precambrian Graywackes in the Eastern Vermilion District, Northeastern Minnesota

A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota by Mark John Severson in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, August 1978. Plate I referenced in the thesis is also attached to this record.Archean metasedimentary rocks of the eastern Vermilion district consist primarily of "volcanigenic" graywackes, siltstones, slates, and conglomerates with minor interbeds of reworked tuffs and iron-formations. Most of the metasediments indicate a dominantly volcanic source area consisting of basalt-andesite-rhyolite piles typical of modern continental orogenic belts or island arc systems. However, clasts and detritus of Saganaga tonalite indicate that it was also an important source rock. The Saganaga batholith, located at the eastern terminus of the Vermilion district, may be compared with more recent batholiths which have been described as intruding and unroofing their own volcanic ejecta. Bouma sequences and other sedimentary structures typical of turbidites are common in the graywackes indicating deposition in a deep water basin or trough. Detritus in the graywackes and conglomerates probably originated as temporary accumulations on the slopes of volcanic piles. Periodic slumpage of the accumulations generated turbidity currents which transported the detritus to submarine fans. The graywackes were deposited as overbank spills while the coarser material was confined to long ·sinuous channels forming lerises of conglomerate. Each congiomerate unit crudely represents, from bottom to top, coarser conglomerate beds grading upward into finer conglomerate beds indicating gradual channel abandonment and a migration of channels within the fan system. The transport direction was to the southwest along the present tectonic strike, away from the Saganaga batholith with most of the supply being at the northeastern end of an elongate basin or trough. Slates and siltstones represent the background sediment of the basin but their deposition was repeatedly blotted out by the arrival of short-lived turbidity currents. The present structural pattern appears to have resulted from a combination of soft sediment deformation, at least two periods of tectonic folding along northeast and northwest axes, and late phase faulting. Folds, resulting from downslope soft sediment slump movements, range from a few centimeters to over a meter across and are varied in their style and attitude, often becoming chaotic. The major folds, defined by reversals in top· directions, were formed during the first period of tectonic deformation and trend northeast with steep axial planes and near-horizontal plunges. These folds appear to have been deformed by a later tectonic event. The later deformation formed minor northwest-trending folds with steep axial planes and plunges. Late phase faulting occurred on a regional scale deforming local areas of all rock bodies and divided the district into several separate segments. Deformation of the volcanic-sedimentary belt is attributed to Algoman tectonism, 2.7 b.y. ago. Since the Saganaga batholith appears to have been emplaced slightly earlier than the other Algoman granites of the Vermilion district, it may have acted as a buttress against which the younger sediments were folded, as suggested by Gruner (1941)

Quantitative Assessment of Sun Louver Design Performance

Conventional wisdom holds that carefully designed exterior louver systems tuned to a building’s earth latitude and its glass wall’s compass orientations do a better job of regulating sunlight than interior louver systems due to the intuition-friendly observation that exterior systems reflect or shade the sunlight before it ever enters the building. A multi-criteria, multi-variable analysis performed on a 3600 SF multipurpose space came to different conclusions. The results showed that when accounting for such design criteria as carbon footprint, glare, optimal daylighting and solar heat gain of the interior, tuned exterior louvers perform well against some measures but fared poorly in others, making the decision between types of louver systems a matter of setting performance priorities and aesthetic preference in any given building. This paper summarizes a student’s independent research study in which she tested her studio project’s arrangement of sun louvers in a large multipurpose space, measuring a number of factors with a goal of determining the best design. Four interdisciplinary faculty collaboratively reviewed her research from architectural, structural, and environmental perspectives. For the analysis, Cove Tool, eQUEST, Tally, and EC3 software were used to test the performance of various louver layouts. A series of separate studies investigated whether the presence of louvers, their solar orientation, the location of the louvers relative to the glass wall, and louver spacing impacted daylighting and energy performance and carbon footprint reduction. All louver studies were compared to a reference design of exposed non-louvered glass, specified to meet minimum code standards. While some results followed widely accepted logic regarding the design of sun louvers, many differences in performance were either not as dramatic as expected, or positive performance results in one category were offset by negative performance results in another. In the end it is evident in this study that the detailed refinements of louver design do not dramatically affect daylight, energy, or carbon footprint performance in a way that would provide designers with clear performance directives, in the absence of preset priorities, so such factors as aesthetic intent may ultimately take on a decisive role

Land Use Planning & Historic Preservation Property Assessment Tool in New Orleans: The Algiers Main Street Demonstration Project

Service-learning is a critical component of the student-centered education model at the University of New Orleans (UNO). For students to apply their knowledge activities within, classes are developed to provide technical service and experiential knowledge for community organizations. In the fall of 2017 students in the MURP 4050/5050 “Urban Land Use Planning & Plan Making” course combined their recently acquired knowledge of how policy affects the use of applying new planning tools in practice. Specifically, the course focused on the application of Federal and State policies for identifying and evaluating the significance of properties under Historic Preservation (HP) guidelines. This training was complemented with the WhoData property survey (PS) methodology & image inventory which evaluated the use, condition, location in combination with public data identification sources. In the fall of 2016 an initial field study in the French Quarter consolidated the HP and PS models but not in a consolidated fashion. The Algiers Historic Preservation Assessment & Land Use Planning Survey demonstration project is the first study which integrates the tools and techniques from two fields of study into a single model that can be replicated nationally. The students in MURP 4050/5050 aided in using, evaluating and improving the tools by applying their knowledge to an active project. Initially the demonstration project was aimed at providing the initial documentation and an implementation plan to expand the existing Algiers Historic District. However, the scope of work had to be changed. The ability to create the resources necessary would not be developed properly without additional training by the course team without further training on historic preservation theory and application. As a result, additional teaching resources were obtained which provided guidance on how to conduct historic property research (The New Orleans Historic Collection), conducting HP & LUP surveys in Algiers (Jennie Garcia, MURP ’17) and State/Federal Historic Preservation guidelines (LA State Historic Preservation Office). The students moved to the role of Planning Analyst in order to complete the research and reporting required to complete the preliminary analysis necessary for community organizations, such as the Algiers Main Street Corporation, to consider the benefits of historic district expansion and the cost of developing the documents to do s

Natural Resources Research Institute Technical Report

The original physical report contained a CD in the back with files on it for Appendices B-F, as well as a set of Figures and a set of Plates. The report describes the content of these files in more detail. Each set of files (individual Appendices, Figures, and Plates) has been zipped and uploaded as a separate folder attached to this record. This is an account of the number and types of files uploaded, as well as any file format conversions that took place. Appendix B contains 2 .xls (Microsoft Excel 97-2003) files; these were converted to .csv (Comma-Separated Values) to improve accessibility and .xlsx (Microsoft Excel 2016) to retain formulas that were lost in the .csv files. All 3 versions (6 files total) were uploaded. Appendix C contains 26 .jpg (JPEG) files, which were uploaded as is. Appendix D contains 6 .pdf (Portable Document Format) files, which had OCR (Optical Character Recognition) applied and were converted to the archival form of PDF files, PDF/A, before being uploaded. Appendix E contains 1 .xls file; this was converted to .xlsx, and each individual sheet was also converted to a separate .csv file. All 3 versions (7 files total) were uploaded. Appendix F contains 2 .doc (Microsoft Word 97-2003) files and 5 subfolders. The .doc files were converted to PDF/A files and both versions were uploaded. The subfolders contain a total of 6 sub-subfolders; all of these together originally contained a total of 504 files (.bak, .jpg, .hpf, .rtf, and .xrdml). The .bak, .jpg, .hpf, and .xrdml files were uploaded as is, because the file format is supported (.jpg), acceptably open (.xrdml), or too specific to have a better option to convert to (.bak and .hpf). The .rtf (Rich Text Format) files were converted to PDF/A files and both versions were uploaded. A total of 590 files were uploaded in Appendix F. Figures originally contained 73 files, 46 .jpg and 27 .rtf. The .jpg files were uploaded as is; the .rtf files were converted to PDF/A files and both versions were uploaded. A total of 100 files were uploaded in Figures. Plates contains 37 .pdf files, which were converted to PDF/A files before being uploaded.The taconite mines on the Mesabi Iron Range of northeastern Minnesota generate millions of tons of mined waste rock annually that could potentially be used as aggregate material in road building projects. Paramount to defining potential aggregate horizons within the mined ironformation is an understanding of the stratigraphy as it relates to mined ore units and waste units at each of the respective taconite mines. However, each mine uses a different submember terminology to designate the various ore and waste horizons. The major emphasis of this investigation was to produce a stratigraphic “Rosetta Stone” of the Biwabik Iron Formation that ties the stratigraphy and differing submember terminology of one mine to all of the other mines on the Mesabi Iron Range. Toward that end, the Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI) looked at core from over 380 drill holes, and some mine exposures, in the central and western Mesabi Iron Range (Biwabik to Coleraine, MN area) to develop a stratigraphic system that links all of the mined ore and waste submembers. The methodology used in this investigation was to log multitudinous deep drill holes from a single mine, hang all of the drill holes on a common datum (bottom of the Lower Slaty member), and then correlate all of the submembers, as used by that particular mine, making note of bedding features and other unique features that define a particular submember. This same system of “logging, hanging, and correlating” was done at each of the taconite mines (seven different mines/areas along the Mesabi Iron Range) to better understand each mine’s submember terminology. The hung stratigraphic-sections from each mine were then used to collectively make generalized stratigraphic columns for each of the mines. These stratigraphic columns were then added to the “Rosetta Stone” (Plate II of this report) that is used to illustrate how the submembers at one mine correlate with similar submembers at all of the other mines. In the end, this investigation identified 25 major “Rosetta” units that define the stratigraphy of the Biwabik Iron Formation that can be used to link together all of the differing submember nomenclatures from the various taconite mines. This division of the iron-formation into 25 major units, based primarily on their overall bedding characteristics, is applicable to only the central and western Mesabi Iron Range and does not include the more highly metamorphosed iron-formation of the eastern Mesabi Iron Range, e.g., to the east of Aurora, MN

Requirement for commissureless2 function during dipteran insect nerve cord development

BACKGROUND: In Drosophila melanogaster, commissureless (comm) function is required for proper nerve cord development. Although comm orthologs have not been identified outside of Drosophila species, some insects possess orthologs of Drosophila comm2, which may also regulate embryonic nerve cord development. Here, this hypothesis is explored through characterization of comm2 genes in two disease vector mosquitoes. RESULTS: Culex quinquefasciatus (West Nile and lymphatic filiariasis vector) has three comm2 genes that are expressed in the developing nerve cord. Aedes aegypti (dengue and yellow fever vector) has a single comm2 gene that is expressed in commissural neurons projecting axons toward the midline. Loss of comm2 function in both A. aegypti and D. melanogaster was found to result in loss of commissure defects that phenocopy the frazzled (fra) loss of function phenotypes observed in both species. Loss of fra function in either insect was found to result in decreased comm2 transcript levels during nerve cord development. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation suggest that Fra down-regulates repulsion in precrossing commissural axons by regulating comm2 levels in both A. aegypti and D. melanogaster, both of which require Comm2 function for proper nerve cord development

Natural Resources Research Institute Technical Report

The eight data files (seven spreadsheets and one zipped folder) mentioned in the report (Appendices B, C, E, and F) are attached to this record along with the PDF file of the report. The zipped folder contains hundreds of .jpg, .las, .pdf, .tfd, and .xls files, totaling 3.24GB of data