880 research outputs found
U.S. Beer Flows & the Impact of NAFTA
After World War II and up until the 1980âs, the liberalization of trade was realized on a multilateral basis. World trade grew at twice the pace of GDP growth (Krueger, 1999). However, starting in the mid 1980âs, preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) increased in numbers. Perhaps the most influential PTA ever to be signed could be the North America Free Trade Agreement, or simply NAFTA, which came into effect January 1, 1994. The agreement established a free-trade area between its member countries- US, Canada and Mexico- in which all tariffs would be phased out between them, but each country would maintain its separate national barriers against the rest of the world. A lot of attention has been paid to the impact of NAFTA on the welfare of its member countries and on the rest of the world. This paper will focus on the impact of the agreement on the USâs beer trade flows by analyzing annual import and export data using several methods. To our knowledge there is no precedent for such research. Section II provides a brief review of the conclusions and methodology of existing works on NAFTA trade issues, as well as some important aspects of the agreement. Section III provides an overview of the world beer industry, and the NAFTA member countries beer markets. Section IV provides in great detail the methodology that we will employ. The focus of Section V is to explain the results obtained. Section VI provides conclusions and implications for further research on this subject. References and other sources can be found in Section VII.beer trade on US market, NAFTA
U.S. BEER FLOWS & THE IMPACT OF NAFTA
After World War II and up until the 1980âs, the liberalization of trade was realized on a multilateral basis. World trade grew at twice the pace of GDP growth (Krueger, 1999). However, starting in the mid 1980âs, preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) increased in numbers. Perhaps the most influential PTA ever to be signed could be the North America Free Trade Agreement, or simply NAFTA, which came into effect January 1, 1994. The agreement established a free-trade area between its member countries- US, Canada and Mexico- in which all tariffs would be phased out between them, but each country would maintain its separate national barriers against the rest of the world. A lot of attention has been paid to the impact of NAFTA on the welfare of its member countries and on the rest of the world. This paper will focus on the impact of the agreement on the USâs beer trade flows by analyzing annual import and export data using several methods. To our knowledge there is no precedent for such research. Section II provides a brief review of the conclusions and methodology of existing works on NAFTA trade issues, as well as some important aspects of the agreement. Section III provides an overview of the world beer industry, and the NAFTA member countries beer markets. Section IV provides in great detail the methodology that we will employ. The focus of Section V is to explain the results obtained. Section VI provides conclusions and implications for further research on this subject. References and other sources can be found in Section VII
Reactions of bis(tetrazole)phenylenes:Surprising Formation of Vinyl Compounds from Alkyl halides.
The reactions of 1,2-bis(tetrazol-5-yl)benzene (1), 1,3-bis(tetrazol-5-yl)benzene (2), 1,4-bis(tetrazol-5-yl)benzene (3), 1,2-(Bu3SnN4C)2C6H4 (4), 1,3-(Bu3SnN4C)2C6H4 (5) and 1,4-(Bu3SnN4C)2C6H4 (6) with 1,2-dibromoethane were carried out by two different methods in order to synthesise pendant alkyl halide derivatives of the parent bis-tetrazoles. This lead to the formation of several alkyl halide derivatives, substituted at either N1 and N2 on the tetrazole ring, as well as the surprising formation of several vinyl derivatives. The crystal structures of both 1,2-[(2-vinyl)tetrazol-5-yl)]benzene (1-N, 2-Nâ) (1b) and 1,3-bis[(2-bromoethyl)tetrazol-5-yl]benzene (2-N, 2-Nâ) (5d) are discussed
Characterising encapsulated nuclear waste using cosmic-ray muon tomography
Tomographic imaging techniques using the Coulomb scattering of cosmic-ray
muons have been shown previously to successfully identify and characterise low-
and high-Z materials within an air matrix using a prototype scintillating-fibre
tracker system. Those studies were performed as the first in a series to assess
the feasibility of this technology and image reconstruction techniques in
characterising the potential high-Z contents of legacy nuclear waste containers
for the UK Nuclear Industry. The present work continues the feasibility study
and presents the first images reconstructed from experimental data collected
using this small-scale prototype system of low- and high-Z materials
encapsulated within a concrete-filled stainless-steel container. Clear
discrimination is observed between the thick steel casing, the concrete matrix
and the sample materials assayed. These reconstructed objects are presented and
discussed in detail alongside the implications for future industrial scenarios.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Bismuth coordination networks containing deferiprone: synthesis, characterisation, stability and antibacterial activity
A series of bismuthâdicarboxylateâdeferiprone coordination networks have been prepared and structurally characterised. The new compounds have been demonstrated to release the iron overload drug deferiprone on treatment with PBS and have also been shown to have antibacterial activity against H. pylori
Incorporation by coordination and release of the iron chelator drug deferiprone from zinc-based metalâorganic frameworks
A series of new zinc-based metalâorganic framework materials has been prepared in which deferiprone is incorporated as a chelating ligand on infinite or tri-zinc secondary building units following deprotonation. Deferiprone is immediately released from the MOFs on treatments with 1 N hydrochloric acid or buffer, but slow release is observed in ethanoic acid
Hydrophosphination of unactivated alkenes and alkynes using iron(II):catalysis and mechanistic insight
The catalytic addition of phosphines
to alkenes and alkynes is
a very attractive process that offers access to phosphines in a 100%
atom-economic reaction using readily available and inexpensive materials.
The products are potentially useful ligands and organocatalysts. Herein,
we report the first example of intramolecular hydrophosphination of
a series of nonactivated phosphinoalkenes and phosphinoalkynes with
a simple iron ÎČ-diketiminate complex. Kinetic studies suggest
that this transformation is first-order with respect to both the phosphine
and the catalyst. A mechanistic interpretation of the iron-catalyzed
hydrophosphination is presented, supported by the experimental evidence
collected
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