18,947 research outputs found
Low-speed wind tunnel performance of high-speed counterrotation propellers at angle-of-attack
The low-speed aerodynamic performance characteristics of two advanced counterrotation pusher-propeller configurations with cruise design Mach numbers of 0.72 were investigated in the NASA Lewis 9- by 15-Foot Low-Speed Wind Tunnel. The tests were conducted at Mach number 0.20, which is representative of the aircraft take-off/landing flight regime. The investigation determined the effect of nonuniform inflow on the propeller performance characteristics for several blade angle settings and a range of rotational speeds. The inflow was varied by yawing the propeller model to angle-of-attack by as much as plus or minus 16 degrees and by installing on the counterrotation propeller test rig near the propeller rotors a model simulator of an aircraft engine support pylon and fuselage. The results of the investigation indicated that the low-speed performance of the counterrotation propeller configurations near the take-off target operating points were reasonable and were fairly insensitive to changes in model angle-of-attack without the aircraft pylon/fuselage simulators installed on the propeller test rig. When the aircraft pylon/fuselage simulators were installed, small changes in propeller performance were seen at zero angle-of-attack, but fairly large changes in total power coefficient and very large changes of aft-to-forward-rotor torque ratio were produced when the propeller model was taken to angle-of-attack. The propeller net efficiency, though, was fairly insensitive to any changes in the propeller flowfield conditions near the take-off target operating points
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Improved Co I Log(gf) Values and Abundance Determinations in the Photospheres of the Sun and Metal-Poor Star HD 84937
New emission branching fraction measurements for 898 lines of the first spectrum of cobalt (Co I) are determined from hollow cathode lamp spectra recorded with the National Solar Observatory 1 m Fourier transform spectrometer on Kitt Peak, AZ and a high-resolution echelle spectrometer. Published radiative lifetimes from laser induced fluorescence measurements are combined with the branching fractions to determine accurate absolute atomic transition probabilities for the 898 lines. Hyperfine structure (hfs) constants for levels of neutral Co in the literature are surveyed and selected values are used to generate complete hfs component patterns for 195 transitions of Co I. These new laboratory data are applied to determine the Co abundance in the Sun and metal-poor star HD 84937, yielding log epsilon(Co) = 4.955 +/- 0.007 (sigma = 0.059) based on 82 Co I lines and log epsilon(Co) = 2.785 +/- 0.008 (sigma = 0.065) based on 66 Co I lines, respectively. A Saha or ionization balance test on the photosphere of HD 84937 is performed using 16 UV lines of Co II, and good agreement is found with the Co I result in this metal-poor ([Fe I/H] = -2.32, [Fe II/H] = -2.32) dwarf star. The resulting value of [Co/Fe]= +0.14 supports a rise of Co/Fe at low metallicity that has been suggested in other studies.NASA NNX10AN93GNSF AST-1211055, AST-1211585McDonald Observator
Higher-Dimensional Algebra VII: Groupoidification
Groupoidification is a form of categorification in which vector spaces are
replaced by groupoids, and linear operators are replaced by spans of groupoids.
We introduce this idea with a detailed exposition of "degroupoidification": a
systematic process that turns groupoids and spans into vector spaces and linear
operators. Then we present three applications of groupoidification. The first
is to Feynman diagrams. The Hilbert space for the quantum harmonic oscillator
arises naturally from degroupoidifying the groupoid of finite sets and
bijections. This allows for a purely combinatorial interpretation of creation
and annihilation operators, their commutation relations, field operators, their
normal-ordered powers, and finally Feynman diagrams. The second application is
to Hecke algebras. We explain how to groupoidify the Hecke algebra associated
to a Dynkin diagram whenever the deformation parameter q is a prime power. We
illustrate this with the simplest nontrivial example, coming from the A2 Dynkin
diagram. In this example we show that the solution of the Yang-Baxter equation
built into the A2 Hecke algebra arises naturally from the axioms of projective
geometry applied to the projective plane over the finite field with q elements.
The third application is to Hall algebras. We explain how the standard
construction of the Hall algebra from the category of representations of a
simply-laced quiver can be seen as an example of degroupoidification. This in
turn provides a new way to categorify - or more precisely, groupoidify - the
positive part of the quantum group associated to the quiver.Comment: 67 pages, 14 eps figures; uses undertilde.sty. This is an expanded
version of arXiv:0812.486
Organochloride Pesticides Present in Animal Fur, Soil, and Streambed in an Agricultural Region of Southeastern Arkansas
Animals in agricultural settings may be subject to bioaccumulation of toxins. For the last several years, we collected hair samples from bats and rodents in an agricultural area near Bayou Bartholomew in Drew County, Arkansas. Samples were submitted to the Center of Environmental Sciences and Engineering at the University of Connecticut for wide-screen toxin analysis. Several of these samples contained measurable amounts of organochloride pesticides or their metabolites, including some that have been banned for decades, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and chlordane. In addition, we collected several samples of soil from within an agricultural field, from adjacent edge habitat, from alongside the bank of the Bayou, and from the bed of the Bayou itself. Although none of these samples tested positive for DDT or chlordane, all of the samples except one contained measurable amounts of metabolites from these pesticides. This study raises questions about environmental persistence of DDT/DDE and other organochlorides. There may be risk to wildlife populations, warranting further investigation into effects of long-term exposure to these toxins
Gas Bubbles Emerging from a Submerged Granular Bed
This fluid dynamics video was submitted to the Gallery of Fluid Motion for
the 2009 APS Division of Fluid Dynamics Meeting in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In
this video we show some results from a simple experiment where air was injected
by a single nozzle at known constant flow rates in the bottom of a granular bed
submerged in water. The injected air propagates through the granular bed in one
of two modes. Mode 1 emergence involves small discrete bubbles taking tortuous
paths through the interstitial space of the bed. Multiple small bubbles can be
emitted from the bed in an array of locations at the same time during Mode 1
emergence. Mode 2 emergence involves large discrete bubbles locally fluidizing
the granular bed and exiting the bed approximately above the injection site.
Bead diameter, bead density, and air flow rate were varied to investigate the
change in bubble release behavior at the top of the granular bed.
This system is a useful model for methane seeps in lakes. Methane bubbles are
released from the decomposition of organic matter in the lake bed. The initial
size of the bubble determines how much of the gas is absorbed into the lake and
how much of the gas reaches the surface and is released into the atmosphere.
The size and behavior of the emerging bubbles may also affect the amount of
vertical mixing occurring in the lake, as well as the mixing from the lake bed
into the benthic layer.Comment: 2009 APS DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion Submissio
Sagnac effect in a chain of mesoscopic quantum rings
The ability to interferometrically detect inertial rotations via the Sagnac
effect has been a strong stimulus for the development of atom interferometry
because of the potential 10^{10} enhancement of the rotational phase shift in
comparison to optical Sagnac gyroscopes. Here we analyze ballistic transport of
matter waves in a one dimensional chain of N coherently coupled quantum rings
in the presence of a rotation of angular frequency, \Omega. We show that the
transmission probability, T, exhibits zero transmission stop gaps as a function
of the rotation rate interspersed with regions of rapidly oscillating finite
transmission. With increasing N, the transition from zero transmission to the
oscillatory regime becomes an increasingly sharp function of \Omega with a
slope \partialT/\partial \Omega N^2. The steepness of this slope dramatically
enhances the response to rotations in comparison to conventional single ring
interferometers such as the Mach-Zehnder and leads to a phase sensitivity well
below the standard quantum limit
Detection of Interstellar C_2 and C_3 in the Small Magellanic Cloud
We report the detection of absorption from interstellar C_2 and C_3 toward
the moderately reddened star Sk 143, located in the near 'wing' region of the
SMC, in optical spectra obtained with the ESO VLT/UVES. These detections of C_2
(rotational levels J=0-8) and C_3 (J=0-12) absorption in the SMC are the first
beyond our Galaxy. The total abundances of C_2 and C_3 (relative to H_2) are
similar to those found in diffuse Galactic molecular clouds -- as previously
found for CH and CN -- despite the significantly lower average metallicity of
the SMC. Analysis of the rotational excitation of C_2 yields an estimated
kinetic temperature T_k ~ 25 K and a moderately high total hydrogen density n_H
~ 870 cm^-3 -- compared to the T_01 ~ 45 K and n_H ~ 85-300 cm^-3 obtained from
H_2. The populations of the lower rotational levels of C_3 are consistent with
an excitation temperature of about 34 K.Comment: accepted to MNRAS; 10 pages, 6 figure
Including the urban heat island in spatial heat health risk assessment strategies: a case study for Birmingham, UK
Background
Heatwaves present a significant health risk and the hazard is likely to escalate with the increased future temperatures presently predicted by climate change models. The impact of heatwaves is often felt strongest in towns and cities where populations are concentrated and where the climate is often unintentionally modified to produce an urban heat island effect; where urban areas can be significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. The purpose of this interdisciplinary study is to integrate remotely sensed urban heat island data alongside commercial social segmentation data via a spatial risk assessment methodology in order to highlight potential heat health risk areas and build the foundations for a climate change risk assessment. This paper uses the city of Birmingham, UK as a case study area.
Results
When looking at vulnerable sections of the population, the analysis identifies a concentration of "very high" risk areas within the city centre, and a number of pockets of "high risk" areas scattered throughout the conurbation. Further analysis looks at household level data which yields a complicated picture with a considerable range of vulnerabilities at a neighbourhood scale.
Conclusions
The results illustrate that a concentration of "very high" risk people live within the urban heat island, and this should be taken into account by urban planners and city centre environmental managers when considering climate change adaptation strategies or heatwave alert schemes. The methodology has been designed to be transparent and to make use of powerful and readily available datasets so that it can be easily replicated in other urban areas
GLUMIP 2.0: SAS/IML Software for Planning Internal Pilots
Internal pilot designs involve conducting interim power analysis (without interim data analysis) to modify the final sample size. Recently developed techniques have been described to avoid the type~I error rate inflation inherent to unadjusted hypothesis tests, while still providing the advantages of an internal pilot design. We present GLUMIP 2.0, the latest version of our free SAS/IML software for planning internal pilot studies in the general linear univariate model (GLUM) framework. The new analytic forms incorporated into the updated software solve many problems inherent to current internal pilot techniques for linear models with Gaussian errors. Hence, the GLUMIP 2.0 software makes it easy to perform exact power analysis for internal pilots under the GLUM framework with independent Gaussian errors and fixed predictors.
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