Technical Barriers to Trade in the European Union: Importance for the Accession Countries. CEPS Working Document No. 144, April 2000

With trade in industrial products between the EU and the CEECs now essentially free of tariff and non-tariff restrictions, the principal impact of accession to the EU on trade flows will be through access to the Single Market of the EU. A key element of this will be the removal of technical barriers to trade. In this paper we try and highlight the importance of technical barriers to trade between the EU and the various CEECs, distinguishing sectors according to the different approaches to the removal of these barriers in the EU: mutual recognition, detailed harmonisation (old approach) and minimum requirements (new approach). We utilise two sources of information on technical regulations: a sectoral classification from a previous study of the impact of the Single Market and our own detailed translation of EU product related directives into the relevant tariff codes. The analysis suggests that the importance of technical barriers varies considerably across the CEECs. The adjustment implications of access to the Single Market are likely to be greatest for those most advanced in their accession negotiations

A Computer Model Of The Polar F-Region Ionosphere

Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 197

Transition-metal free umpolung carbon-nitrogen vs. carbon-chlorine bond formation

The formation of carbon-nitrogen (C–N) bonds via an umpolung substitution reaction has been achieved at -78 °C without the need for catalysts, ligands, or additives. The scope is limited to aryl Grignard reagents with N-chloroamines. The findings in this manuscript serve as a reference point for all C–N bond formation involving N-chloroamines and organometallic reagents. Knowing the yields of uncatalyzed reactions will be useful when determining the success of future catalytic methods

Considerations for application of skill acquisition in Sport : an example from tennis

Skill acquisition principles are crucial to prepare athletes for superior performance in sport, but, in training athletes, coaches have focused less on these principles than they have on the design of training. This paper provides an overview of how a skill acquisition specialist disseminated scientific knowledge to amateur and professional coaches and initiated collaboration to improve practice design. First, a framework of representative task design is outlined, which considers perception and action components of sports skills in practice tasks relative to the competition setting. Second, with elite tennis as an example, steps are described as to how the skill acquisition specialist can initiate collaboration with coaches to evaluate practice tasks and make recommendations using representative task design. This approach includes delivery of a seminar to educate coaches, observation of practice tasks to rate representative task design with recommendations made, and factors identified by coaches that should be considered when applying skill acquisition principles. Factors identified by coaches related to presentation of anticipatory cues, practice variability, individualization of practice, skill complexity, and consistency of skill tests. Collectively, this paper provides insight into how skill acquisition specialists can collaborate with coaches to disseminate knowledge, and it presents some of the challenges and solutions of designing representative practice tasks in sport

The Quality Control Algorithms Used in the Process of Creating the NASA Kennedy Space Center Lightning Protection System Towers Meteorological Database

The methodology and the results of the quality control (QC) process of the meteorological data from the Lightning Protection System (LPS) towers located at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) launch complex 39B (LC-39B) are documented in this paper. Meteorological data are used to design a launch vehicle, determine operational constraints, and to apply defined constraints on day-of-launch (DOL). In order to properly accomplish these tasks, a representative climatological database of meteorological records is needed because the database needs to represent the climate the vehicle will encounter. Numerous meteorological measurement towers exist at KSC; however, the engineering tasks need measurements at specific heights, some of which can only be provided by a few towers. Other than the LPS towers, Tower 313 is the only tower that provides observations up to 150 m. This tower is located approximately 3.5 km from LC-39B. In addition, data need to be QC'ed to remove erroneous reports that could pollute the results of an engineering analysis, mislead the development of operational constraints, or provide a false image of the atmosphere at the tower's location

The Quality Control Algorithms Used in the Creation of NASA Kennedy Space Center Lightning Protection System Towers Meteorological Database

No abstract availabl

Individual differences in the use of visual-perception information to guide weight transfer and bat movements in elite cricket batting

Early pick-up of visual information is vital for success in high-speed striking sports such as cricket batting. Expert performers are more adept at utilising visual information to anticipate and guide motor skill action than lesser-skilled performers. Research in sport expertise has compared the capability to use visual information to guide motor skill action between groups of experts and groups of less skilled performers, whilst sport biomechanics has focused on motor skill execution. Little is known about individual differences within experts groups and the capability to use visual information to guide biomechanical action variables in striking skills. The purpose of this master’s thesis was (a) to provide a critical review of literature in a position statement that would assist the implementation of perception-action coupled representative task experiments, and (b) advance existing sports science literature by combining sport expertise and sport biomechanics methodologies in an attempt to identify individual differences within an expert group of cricket batsmen. Eight expert cricket batsmen from the Western Australian Cricket Association High Performance Squad were tested on their capability to utilise early visual information to guide the timing of weight transfer (kinetics) and bat movement (kinematics) in an in-situ temporal occlusion batting task. Comparisons revealed there were some significant differences between batsmen for measures of initiation of weight transfer, initiation of bat downswing and duration of bat downswing. There was, however, no significant difference between batsmen in the completion of weight transfer measure. After comparing quality of interception, no significant difference was found between batsmen, indicating different movement patterns may be used to achieve the same outcome, a concept known as motor equivalence. These findings have extended both theoretical and applied knowledge of understanding expertise in striking sports, which may be useful for other sports

Iron-Catalyzed Arylation of Heterocycles via Directed C–H Bond Activation

The iron-catalyzed arylation of aromatic heterocycles, such as­­­ pyridines, thiophenes and furans has been achieved. The use of an imine directing group allowed for the ortho functionalization of these heterocycles with complete conversion in 15 minutes at 0 °C. Yields up to 88% were observed in the synthesis of 15 heterocyclic biaryls