Introduction The nature of life in the heartland of Classical Greece, the southeast Mainland, during Hellenistic and especially Roman times, has become a matter of controversy and heightened research, as this Conference reminds us. It was not so long ago when a rather positive image of these periods was created by the overemphasis on fine art and architecture. The rich endowment of heritage cities by Hellenistic monarchs, Roman emperors and wealthy elites was frequently illustrated and analys..