Perspectivas existentes sobre a didática específica da filosofia

This research article attempts to identify the existing conceptions about the Didactics of Philosophy considered like a Disciplinary Didactics with an object of study in the syllabi of high-quality and accredited universities in the year 2018, in Colombia. To do that, a qualitative approach with a documentary analysis was undertaken in this article, only considering two sections in said syllabi: objectives and rationale sections. Results suggest there is a trend towards viewing the Didactics of Philosophy as a methodological element closely linked to a traditional view of didactics ignoring other important elementssuch as learning and critical thinking considered in contemporary perspectives. In the end, this paper leads to conclude that Didactics of Philosophy should have a greater concern for the integration of those processes to its epistemology in order to focus not only on what to teach but also on how to learn.Este artículo de investigación tiene como objetivo identificar las concepciones sobre la didáctica de la filosofía, considerada como una didáctica disciplinar con un objeto propio de estudio, en los documentos escritos de los programas de las universidades acreditadas en alta calidad al año 2018 en Colombia, que orientan esta misma asignatura en sus currículos. Para este propósito se analizó el discurso escrito de cinco documentos provistos por las mismas universidades participantes, a través de un enfoque cualitativo y bajo un tipo de estudio basado en el análisis documental. Solo se tuvieron en cuenta dos secciones de la totalidad de la estructura de los programas: objetivos y justificación. Los resultados indican que hay una tendencia a ver en la didáctica de la filosofía un elemento metodológico, siendo esta una perspectiva clásica que se tiene sobre la didáctica. Desconociendo así elementos como el aprendizaje y el pensamiento crítico que han hecho de este concepto un campo de estudio más amplio. De esta forma, se concluye que debe haber una mayor preocupación desde la didáctica específica de la filosofía por integrar este tipo de procesos a su dinámica epistemológica, de manera que los procesos educativos en este ámbito no se sitúen exclusivamente en el qué enseñar; sino, a su vez, en el cómo aprenden.Este artigo de pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os conceitos da didática da filosofia, considerada disciplinar com seu próprio objeto de estudo, nos documentos dos programas das universidades credenciadas em alta qualidade para o ano de 2018 na Colômbia que orientam essa disciplina em seus currículos. Para tanto, analisou-se o discurso escrito de cinco documentos fornecidos pelas universidades participantes, através de uma abordagem qualitativa e sob um tipo de estudo baseado na análise documental. Apenas duas seções de toda a estrutura do programa foram consideradas: objetivos ejustificativa. Os resultados indicam que há uma tendência a ver na didática da filosofia um elemento metodológico, sendo essa uma perspectiva clássica que é adotada na didática. Isso ignora elementos como o aprendizado e o pensamento crítico que tornaram esse conceito um campo de estudo mais amplo. Dessa forma, conclui-se que é preciso uma maior preocupação da didática específica da filosofia em integrar esse tipo de processo em sua dinâmica epistemológica, de tal maneira que os processos educacionais nesse campo não se localizem exclusivamente no que ensinar; mas, por sua vez, na maneira como aprendem

Aprendizajes de los maestros de Salamina Caldas sobre su quehacer en tiempos de pandemia

El trabajo investigativo que se presenta tuvo como objetivo comprender los aprendizajes de los maestros de Salamina sobre su quehacer en tiempos de pandemia. Es así como se recurrió a un enfoque de investigación cualitativo de tipo estudio de caso colectivo. Se aplicó un formulario electrónico de única pregunta abierta a 90 maestros de Salamina, Caldas de 4 instituciones educativas: 2 rurales y 2 urbanas. El análisis de la información se efectuó a partir  del método de análisis de material cualitativo. Los principales resultados encontrados evidencian la emergencia de 3 categorías: entrega-donación, reflexión práctica y actitudes de aprendizaje. Se concluye que el quehacer del maestro está marcado por las dinámicas sociales del momento. Es decir, en las circunstancias de emergencia sanitaria actuales los maestros de Salamina, a partir de la incertidumbre, tuvieron que adaptarse a las nuevas realidades problematizando elementos cotidianos como su oficio, sus prácticas, y sus habilidades

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Cardiac myosin activation with omecamtiv mecarbil in systolic heart failure

BACKGROUND The selective cardiac myosin activator omecamtiv mecarbil has been shown to improve cardiac function in patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Its effect on cardiovascular outcomes is unknown. METHODS We randomly assigned 8256 patients (inpatients and outpatients) with symptomatic chronic heart failure and an ejection fraction of 35% or less to receive omecamtiv mecarbil (using pharmacokinetic-guided doses of 25 mg, 37.5 mg, or 50 mg twice daily) or placebo, in addition to standard heart-failure therapy. The primary outcome was a composite of a first heart-failure event (hospitalization or urgent visit for heart failure) or death from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS During a median of 21.8 months, a primary-outcome event occurred in 1523 of 4120 patients (37.0%) in the omecamtiv mecarbil group and in 1607 of 4112 patients (39.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 0.99; P = 0.03). A total of 808 patients (19.6%) and 798 patients (19.4%), respectively, died from cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.11). There was no significant difference between groups in the change from baseline on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score. At week 24, the change from baseline for the median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level was 10% lower in the omecamtiv mecarbil group than in the placebo group; the median cardiac troponin I level was 4 ng per liter higher. The frequency of cardiac ischemic and ventricular arrhythmia events was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection, those who received omecamtiv mecarbil had a lower incidence of a composite of a heart-failure event or death from cardiovascular causes than those who received placebo. (Funded by Amgen and others; GALACTIC-HF ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02929329; EudraCT number, 2016 -002299-28.)

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially