Predictions for multi-scale shock heating of a granular energetic material

This thesis addresses the multi scale heating of a granular energetic solid due to shock loading. To this end, an existing mathematical model that has been used to predict low pressure bulk and localized heating of the granular high-explosive HMX ([CH2NNO2]4) is extended to account for compressibility and melting of the pure phase solid. Dense granular HMX has a heterogeneous structure composed of randomly packed small grains (average size ~ 100 µm) having a free-pour density that is approximately 65% of the pure phase solid density. The shock loading response of this material is complex and consists of both bulk heating due to compression and compaction, and grain scale heating due to stress localization and plastic deformation in the vicinity of intergranular contact surfaces. Such dissipative processes at the grain scale induce high frequency temperature fluctuations (referred to as “hot-spots”) that can trigger combustion initiation even though the bulk temperature remains quite low. The work presented here is an attempt to characterize hot-spot evolution within the framework of a thermodynamically compatible bulk compaction model that can be used for engineering calculations. The model is shown to admit both steady subsonic and supersonic compaction wave structures that result in significant localized heating at the grain scale based on grain contact theory. Peak hot spot temperatures in the range of 1000 K are estimated for subsonic compaction waves that could induce combustion initiation and influence ignition sensitivity of the material. Thermal conduction and phase change are shown to be significant at low impact speeds, but become less important at higher speeds. Compressive grain heating had little effect on hot spot temperatures for the range of impact conditions considered in our study (up = 100-1000 m/s). A parametric sensitivity analysis was performed to characterize the effect piston impact speed, initial solid volume fraction, and other key model parameters on both compaction wave structure and localized heating. At higher initial volume fractions (\u3e 0.90), it was found that viscoelastic heating dominates over the viscoplastic heating. Also, predictions for the variation of bulk plastic strain, pressure, and porosity through the compaction zone are shown to qualitatively agree with results obtained by detailed micromechanical models

PENGARUH LEVERAGE KEUANGAN TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PADA PERUSAHAAN SUB-SEKTOR TELEKOMUNIKASI YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA TAHUN 2007-2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh leverage keuangan terhadap profitabilitas pada perusahaan sub-sektor telekomunikasi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan ialah deskriptif dan verifikatif, sampel penelitian adalah 4 perusahaan telekomunikasi selama 10 tahun pada periode 2007-2016 dengan data 40 observasi. Teknik sampling menggunakan Purposive Sampling. Berdasarkan analisis deskriptif leverage keuangan cenderung naik dan profitabilitas cenderung menurun jika dibandingkan dengan tahun awal penelitian. Hasil uji hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh leverage keuangan terhadap profitabilitas berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap profitabilitas.----------This study aims to examine the effect of financial leverage on profitability in telecommunication sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method used is descriptive and verifikatif, research sample is 4 telecommunication company during 10 years period 2007-2016 with observation data 40. Sampling technique use Purposive Sampling. Based on descriptive analysis, financial leverage tends to increase and profitability tends to decrease when compared with the initial year of research. The effect of financial leverage on profitability has a negative effect on profitability

Continuum Modelling of Al-Cu Bimetallic Materials: Stress Intensity Factor Calculations

This project mainly focus with the study of mechanical properties of Al-Cu bimetallic material with the implementation of ANSYS Mechanical APDL simulation software. AL-Cu bimetals have wide applications in different fields such as in electrical, electronic & piping industries, heat engines, thermostat, thermometer, electrical devices, etc. It has been beneficial to characterise its mechanical properties which would be helpful to extend its applications for a variety of purposes. Simulation studies first has carried out for pure aluminium and pure Copper material individually. Determination of Stress Intensity Factor(SIF)in Mode-I loading by varying the kind of cracks, crack length and applied stress, which has been compared with already done researches on pure aluminium & pure copper material respectively, for the authentication of proposed method to obtain the Stress Intensity Factor(SIF) in mode I condition by the method of ANSYS Mechanical APDL codes. Next, Al-Cu bimetallic material has modelled in Mechanical APDL and the authenticated codes have been implemented to determine its Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) only in mode I loading conditions, under the variation of applied stress and crack length. Simulation is further succeeded by introduction of three different kinds of crack types: edge crack, central crack and circular crack with edge at the centre. pecial case has taken by generating crack on either regions first in Al side and other on Cu side. In the last all the results have been concluded under Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)by plotting graphs of SIF Vs Applied stress and SIF Vs Crack length for comparison with the theoretical values

A Flexible Syntactic Foam For Shock Mitigation

This dissertation focused on the development and assessment of flexible microballoons filled elastomeric foam for shock mitigation applications. The overall goal of the research was to develop a flexible syntactic foam that has controllable bulk modulus, compressibility and shock mitigation characteristics and to validate these characteristics by experiments. Elastomer LP-2 with solid manganese dioxide and uncured BJO-093 hollow Pμb were chosen for making the syntactic foam. Hand mixing and room temperature curing was used to make foams of 0 to 30% weight of filler, which amounts to 0 to 60% of volume of the filler. Analysis using gas laws and simple elasticity equations showed that the compressibility of the foam and the resulting bulk modulus vary as a function of microballoon content. Confined compression tests confirmed these results and demonstrated that the bulk modulus can be changed from 19 MPa to 9 MPa as the filler content was increased from 0 to 30% by weight. The compressive high strain rate behavior of the foam was determined using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar test apparatus at strain rates ranging from 3,000/s to 4,600/s. The peak strain and strain rate values remain unaffected irrespective of the amount of filler. Both peak stress and stress rise rate decreased with increased filler content. Decrease in peak stress and stress rates were as high as 50% of the base material for filler content of 20% by weight. These characteristics show the potential of this material for shock mitigation applications

PENGARUH PELIMPAHAN PEMUNGUTAN PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN SEKTOR PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN MENJADI PAJAK DAERAH TERHADAP REALISASI PENERIMAANNYA DI KOTA SURABAYA

Tax Law and Regional Retribution Act No. 28 of 2009 regulated about handed tax property of rural an urban sectors. Local government have more responsibility for prepare well to adapted it before 2014. Purpose of this research is to determine the impact for Surabaya as a first time to applying this regulation after property tax no longer managed by central government, and how the regulation decrease acceptace of that sector. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. The result of this research are the reasons causes decreasing revenue than target after tax property of rural an urban sectors managed by Surabaya local goverments. Keywords: Regulation, Tax Property, Local Revenue

An analysis into the reform required in respect of the Value-Added Tax treatment of educational services

A research report to be submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (Taxation) 31 March 2016The aim of the report is to determine whether the current Value-Added Tax (‘VAT’) treatment relating to the exemption applied on educational services should be retained and to ascertain whether the policy considerations which applied when VAT was introduced are still relevant, or whether changed circumstances would justify the introduction of a different treatment or concessions in relation to these services. The most critical and significant challenge being faced by VAT vendors and universities in particular is compliance with a vast array of amendments to the VAT Legislation, Binding Rulings, Guides and Interpretation Notes issued by the South African Revenue Service (‘SARS’). Noncompliance for whatever reason may result in irregular expenditure and significant penalties and interest imposed for non-compliance, especially in light of the additional penalties being imposed in terms of the Tax Administration Act which was promulgated in October 2012. VAT therefore has a direct impact on the financial affairs and cash flow of VAT registered entities. Furthermore, government funding in respect of tertiary institutions has been on the decline in recent years while the costs of running a tertiary institution have continued to be on the rise. This development has necessitated a change of approach in how tertiary institutions manage their operations. Consequently, there developed a strong need for tertiary institutions to find alternative ways of raising extra funds to make up for the shortfall caused by the decline in funding from government. The provision of short courses, in addition to the traditional full semester diploma and degree courses provided by the institutions, was identified as an opportunity to deliver a certain varied level of educational services to an existing suitable market. This opportunity presented attractive prospects as an alternative source of funding for the institutions in the wake of depleting government funding. In this regard, many of the institutions formed a number of vehicles in order to offer the short courses to the market. The rationale behind such approaches is in order to distinguish the traditional education services (diploma and degree courses) from the non-traditional educational services (short courses).MT201

Comparative study of sublingual and vaginal misoprostol in second trimester induced abortion

Background: To recognize an effective Misoprostol only regime and to compare the efficacy, safety and acceptability of sublingual and vaginal Misoprostol for the termination of second trimester of pregnancy.Methods: The study was a prospective randomized trial. Women attending OPD from January2012 to December 2013, for medical abortion between gestational ages 13-20 weeks were screened, selected and divided in to two groups. Group-A received misoprostol 400 µg then 200 µg sublingually 3 hourly, Group-B received misoprostol 400 µg then 200 µg vaginally 3 hourly. They were observed for 24 hours. Main outcomes were induction-abortion interval, dose required, success rate and side effects and comfort to the route of administration.Results: Mean induction-abortion interval was 9.28 ± 5.824 hours, 95% CI: 7.62-10.94in sublingual misoprostol group and 13.68 ± 6.179 hours, 95% CI: 11.92-15.44 in vaginal group. Mean dose required for abortion was 948 ± 389.264 µg, 95% CI: 837.37-1058.63 in sublingual and 1248 ± 415.142 µg, 95% CI: 1,130.02-1,365.98in vaginal group. Success rate was 98% and 94%, respectively in two groups. The differences were statistically significant. Comfort to the route of administration was 90% in sublingual and 60% in vaginal group.Conclusions: Both sublingual and vaginal routes of Misoprostol are equally effective, safe, inexpensive and acceptable method. Sublingual route is better and preferred by women

To compare the efficacy of Drotaverine hydrochloride and Valethamate bromide in shortening of the first stage of labour

Background: To compare the efficacy of Drotaverine Hydrochloride and Valethamate Bromide in shortening of the first stage of Labor. Drotaverine is more effective in regards of shorten the 1st stage of labor, rate of cervical dilatation with less side effects in compare to Valethamate Bromide.Methods: Two Hundred demographically similes woman with full term pregnancy in active labour were included in the study and divided into two groups viz.First Group: 100 women were given injection Drotaverine Hydrochloride (Drotin) 40 mg intramuscularly at 3-4 cm dilation at two hour interval.Second Group: 100 women were given injection Valethamate Bromide Intramuscularly at 3-4 cm dilation at one hour interval.Maximum three injections were given in both the groups. Comparative analysis was carried out as regards to duration of various stages of labor, rate of cervical dilatation, mode of delivery, side effects and feto-maternal outcome.Results: In Group-I Average duration of active phase of first stage of labor was 149.78 minutes. In Primigravida it was 170.22 minutes and 129.35 minutes in Multigravida.In Group II Average duration of active phase of first stage of labor was 294.62 minutes.In Primigravida it was 321.71 minutes and 267.54 minutes in Multigravida.Average rate of cervical dilatation in Group-I was 2.81cm/hour. In Primigravida it was 2.50 cm/hour while in Multi gravid it was 3.33cm/hour.In Group-II average rate was 1.42 cm/hour, in Primigravida it was 1.30 cm/hour and in Multigravida1.57 cm/hour.Conclusions: Drotaverine significantly shorten the duration of first stage of labor and found to be safe with no adverse effect on the mother and fetus.

Vaginal discharge: evaluation of syndromic management in Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, C.G.

Background: Vaginal discharge is one of the most common problems faced by women. It may be physiological or pathological. Most of the time it caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites and many times these infections are sexually transmitted. Thus it is important to treat vaginal discharge as syndrome. Syndromic management is an inexpensive and effective method to treat vaginal discharge and no preliminary laboratory test are required. We have studied 300 patients attending OPD with complain of vaginal discharge to access the efficiency, acceptability and tolerance of one day combination kit therapy (azithromycin 1 g, fluconazole 150 mg and Secnidazole 2 g).Methods: Three hundred women were selected randomly with the complaint of vaginal discharge. They were examined thoroughly and advised to take one day kit therapy. Their partners were also advised to take same therapy. They were called after two weeks to know about their symptoms and for examination.Results: Sixty percent women had excellent response for vaginal discharge, 75% women had excellent response for urinary symptoms and 77.3% women had excellent response for pruritus vulvae.Conclusions: The combination kit therapy in vaginal discharge allows a simple and fast assured therapy, with high cure rate for vaginal discharge