The Nine Nations of North America

Divides North America into nine powers, and explains the cultural, ethnic, and geographic identities of eachhttps://scholar.dominican.edu/cynthia-stokes-brown-books-american-history/1034/thumbnail.jp

Edge City : Life On The New Frontier

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Dentoskeletal sequellae after wearing of a mandibular advancement device in an OSAHS setting.

Mandibular advancement devices (MAD) are recommended in certain cases for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). The aim of this study was to make a retrospective investigation into the dental and skeletal effects in patients suffering from OSAHS after wearing an MAD, and according to the type of device, rigid or semi-rigid. Cephalometric criteria on lateral cephalograms before and after at least 6 months of treatment were analyzed. Twenty-two patients were included. We observed average labial tipping of the lower incisors (+4.1 ± 5.6 [P = 0.0023]) and reduced overbite (−1.6 ± 2.0 mm [P = 0.0026]) and overjet (−1.4 ± 2.3 mm [P = 0.0114]). Labial tipping of the mandibular incisors was more pronounced with semi-rigid MAD. Similarly, the decrease in overbite and overjet was more marked with the semi-rigid MAD. Medium-term wearing of MAD gives rise to dentally related occlusal changes, which can only be corrected by orthodontic treatment

Levels and Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Domestic Rabbits.

Over thousands of years humans changed the genetic and phenotypic composition of several organisms and in the process transformed wild species into domesticated forms. From this close association, domestic animals emerged as important models in biomedical and fundamental research, in addition to their intrinsic economical and cultural value. The domestic rabbit is no exception but few studies have investigated the impact of domestication on its genetic variability. In order to study patterns of genetic structure in domestic rabbits and to quantify the genetic diversity lost with the domestication process, we genotyped 45 microsatellites for 471 individuals belonging to 16 breeds and 13 wild localities. We found that both the initial domestication and the subsequent process of breed formation, when averaged across breeds, culminated in losses of ~20% of genetic diversity present in the ancestral wild population and domestic rabbits as a whole, respectively. Despite the short time elapsed since breed diversification we uncovered a well-defined structure in domestic rabbits where the FST between breeds was 22%. However, we failed to detect deeper levels of structure, probably consequence of a recent and single geographic origin of domestication together with a non-bifurcating process of breed formation, which were often derived from crosses between two or more breeds. Finally, we found evidence for intrabreed stratification that is associated with demographic and selective causes such as formation of strains, colour morphs within the same breed, or country/breeder of origin. These additional layers of population structure within breeds should be taken into account in future mapping studies

VLTI/Hi-5: detection yield predictions for young giant exoplanets

The Hi-5 instrument, a proposed high-contrast L' band (3.5-4.0 μm) nulling interferometer for the visitor focus of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI), will characterize young extra-solar planetary systems and exozodiacal dust around nearby main-sequence stars. Thanks to VLTI's angular resolution (λ=B = 5 mas for the longest UT baseline), it will fill the gap between young giant exoplanets discovered by ongoing single-aperture direct imaging surveys and exoplanet populations discovered by radial velocity surveys. In this paper, we investigate the exoplanet detection yield of Hi-5. First, we present the latest catalog of stars identified as members of young stellar associations within 150 pc of the Sun thanks to the BANYAN algorithm and other searches for young moving group members. Realistic exoplanet populations are then generated around these stars and processed with the SCIFYsim tool, the end-to-end simulator for the Hi-5 instrument. Then, two formation models are used to estimate the giant planet's luminosity. The first is the New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS), also known as the Bern model, and the second is a statistical model based on gravitational instability (hot-start model - AMES-Dusty model). We show that Hi-5 is insensitive to cold-start planets but can detect giant hot-start planets. With ATs, more than 40 planets could be detected assuming 20 nights of observations. With its unique capabilities, Hi-5 is also able to constrain in mass the observed systems. Hi-5 is sensitive to planets with a mass > 2 Mjup around the snow line

Technical requirements and optical design of the Hi-5 spectrometer

Hi-5 is a proposed L' band high-contrast nulling interferometric instrument for the visitor focus of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). As a part of the ERC consolidator project called SCIFY (Self-Calibrated Interferometry For exoplanet spectroscopY), the instrument aims to achieve sufficient dynamic range and angular resolution to directly image and characterize the snow line of young extra-solar planetary systems. The spectrometer is based on a dispersive grism and is located downstream of an integrated optics beam-combiner. To reach the contrast and sensitivity specifications, the outputs of the I/O chip must be sufficiently separated and properly sampled on the Hawaii-2RG detector. This has many implications for the photonic chip and spectrometer design. We present these technical requirements, trade-off studies, and phase-A of the optical design of the Hi-5 spectrometer in this paper. For both science and contract-driven reasons, the instrument design currently features three different spectroscopic modes (R=20, 400, and 2000). Designs and efficiency estimates for the grisms are also presented as well as the strategy to separate the two polarization states

San Francisco Bay Area Edge Cities: New Roles for Planners and the General Plan

Edge-city development on the urban fringe of U.S. metropolitan centers has provoked heated debate over metropolitan policy. This article reports on qualitative research of two edge cities in the San Francisco Bay Area Walnut Creek and San Ramon investigating the empirical issues of their growth and analyzing the broader issues of metropolitan planning. I specifically examine the roles of California general plan law and local land use planners in the development of the two edge cities, where planners used the general plan as early as the 1950s to set aside areas of each community for economic diversification. This study finds that the California General Plan law failed to provide regional coordination for edge city growth, particularly on issues of transportation, infrastructure, housing, and environmental quality. In addition, it finds public land use planners took a proactive role in maintaining long-term visions, forming relationships with developers and becoming involved in the physical planning of these new urban centers. The larger issues raised by these case studies are the uncoordinated metropolitan impacts of edge-city development under a state-mandated, locally implemented, general plan, along with the shift of public planners from their traditional regulatory role to consensual roles with developers.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68827/2/10.1177_0739456X9801700305.pd

Wright, Frank Lloyd

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies captures the character of complex urban and regional dynamics across the globe, including timely entries on Latin America, Africa, India and China. At the same time, it contains illuminating entries on some of the current concepts that seek to grasp the essence of the global world today, such as those of Friedmann and Sassen on ‘global cities’. It also includes discussions of recent economic writings on cities and regions such as those of Richard Florida. Comprised of over 450 entries ( 5 volumes) on the most important topics and from a range of theoretical perspectives. Features authoritative entries on topics ranging from gender and the city to biographical profiles of figures like Frank Lloyd Wright Takes a global perspective with entries providing coverage of Latin America and Africa, India and China, and, the US and Europe Includes biographies of central figures in urban and regional studies, such as Doreen Massey, Peter Hall, Neil Smith, and Henri LefebvrePeer ReviewedPostprint (published version