Moving On, Men and the Changing Character of Interwar Working-Class Neighborhoods: From the Files of the Manchester and Liverpool City Police

Investigations of complaints regarding police families made to the Manchester and Liverpool City Police provide insights into working-class neighborhoods not available in standard sources. The files suggest that interwar neighborhoods were losing long-term residents and becoming more diverse and variable. Families tried to find areas with similar standards regarding noise, space and privacy. Formerly stable neighborhoods changed, creating stress if changes were too dramatic. Even minor tensions could unsettle streets since causes of strain tended to reflect on respectability and status. While women remained the main presence due to their domestic responsibilities, men were spending more time with their families. The presence of men exacerbated misunderstandings, adding frictions over masculinity and territoriality. Complaints over noise overlapped with concerns over space which overlapped with anxiety over respectability and masculinity, all aggravated by children and gossip. When differences became too extreme, neighbors started campaigns of arguments, complaints, and harassment. Ultimately, if families were not in harmony with the rest of a street, efforts were made to force them to move. Yet neighborliness had not disappeared. Working-class neighbors generally managed to get along even in the unsettled conditions of interwar Liverpool and Manchester

Blue-Collar Job, Blue-Collar Career: Policemen’s Perplexing Struggle for a Voice in Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester, 1900-1919

This articles explores how English borough policemen during the early 1900s grappled with how to organize effectively to improve their conditions of service without violating their oaths of office. Policemen faced an increasing load of duties and responsibilities yet suffered from eroding pay scales and lack of recognition. Local watch committee and police forces did not provide policemen with a mechanism for voicing their grievances beyond submitting petitions which were frequently ignored. Frustrated with their lack of progress, policemen searched for ways to make their voices heard. Initially, the obvious choice of a police union was resisted since most men found the possibility of a police strike incompatible with their duties to uphold law and order. However, the pressures of the First World War combined with continued silence from watch committees regarding their grievances finally precipitated the organization of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers (NUPPO) and the calling of police strikes in 1918 and 1919. The parliamentary committee investigating this embarrassing situation traced the roots of the problem to the refusal of police authorities to listen to their own men. National legislation resolved many grievances regarding pay, status and promotions. But the need for policemen to have a voice was less easily resolved. The new Police Federation gave policemen a forum but was viewed with suspicion by the men as an official creation and it could still be ignored by police authorities. A dangerous lack of communication and potential for explosion remained.Cet article examine comment les policiers municipaux anglais se sont débattus, au début du XXe siècle, avec la question de savoir comment s’organiser pour obtenir une amélioration de leurs conditions de travail sans violer les devoirs de leur charge. Alors que la charge de travail et les responsabilités des policiers s’accroissaient, leur rémunération s’érodait et ils souffraient d’une insuffisante reconnaissance professionnelle. Les comités de police locaux et les corps de police eux-mêmes ne fournissaient aux policiers aucun moyen institutionnel de faire connaître leurs revendications, mis à part le recours à des pétitions, au reste fréquemment ignorées. La frustration née de cette situation poussa les policiers à se faire entendre autrement. Dans un premier temps, ils refusèrent de s’engager dans la voie syndicale, la plupart des policiers jugeant l’éventualité d’une grève incompatible avec leur mission de maintien de l’ordre. Les pressions provoquées par la Première Guerre mondiale et le silence persistant des comités de police vis-à-vis de leurs demandes amena cependant la création de la National Union of Police and Prison Officers (NUPPO) et à l’appel à la grève en 1918 et 1919. La commission parlementaire chargée d’étudier les causes de cette embarrassante situation les attribua au refus des autorités de police d’écouter leurs propres hommes. Une législation nationale régla une grande partie des problèmes touchant aux rémunérations, au statut et aux carrières. Mais la difficulté du problème du droit d’expression des policiers fut plus ardue. La nouvelle Police Federation pouvait constituer un forum, mais elle était perçue avec méfiance par les policiers car c’était une institution officielle, que les autorités locales n’étaient du reste pas tenues d’entendre. Il en résulta une absence menaçante de communication et un risque d’explosion latent

Making pictures: the Pinter screenplays

(print) xi, 215 p. ; 24 cmAcknowledgments ix -- Chronology of Pinter's Writing for Stage and Screen xi -- 1. Media 1 -- 2. The Servant 9 -- 3. The Pumpkin Eater 27 -- 4. The Quiller Memorandum 42 -- 5. Accident 50 -- 6. The Go-Between 77 -- 7. The Proust Screenplay 103 -- 8. The Last Tycoon 129 -- 9. The French Lieutenant's Woman 145 -- 10. Patterns 185 -- Notes 199 -- Bibliography 205 -- Index 20

A growth curve analysis of the course of dysthymic disorder: The effects of chronic stress and moderation by adverse parent– child relationships and family history

Using mixed effects models, the authors examined the effects of chronic stress, adverse parent-child relationships, and family history on the 7.5-year course of dysthymic disorder. Participants included 97 outpatients with early-onset dysthymia who were assessed with semistructured interviews at baseline and 3 additional times at 30-month intervals for 7.5 years. Results indicated that higher levels of chronic stress 6 months prior to each follow-up predicted greater depression severity at follow-up, controlling for depression severity at the start of the chronic stress assessment. In addition, adverse parent-child relationships and family history of dysthymic disorder moderated this association. For patients with poorer parent-child relationships, chronic stress was associated with increased depression severity at follow-up, whereas patients with a higher familial loading for dysthymic disorder were less responsive to chronic stress over time

The heterotrimeric Thermus thermophilus Asp-tRNAAsn amidotransferase can also generate Gln-tRNAGln

AbstractThermus thermophilus strain HB8 is known to have a heterodimeric aspartyl-tRNAAsn amidotransferase (Asp-AdT) capable of forming Asn-tRNAAsn [Becker, H.D. and Kern, D. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12832–12837]. Here we show that, like other bacteria, T. thermophilus possesses the canonical set of amidotransferase (AdT) genes (gatA, gatB and gatC). We cloned and sequenced these genes, and constructed an artificial operon for overexpression in Escherichia coli of the thermophilic holoenzyme. The overproduced T. thermophilus AdT can generate Gln-tRNAGln as well as Asn-tRNAAsn. Thus, the T. thermophilus tRNA-dependent AdT is a dual-specific Asp/Glu-AdT resembling other bacterial AdTs. In addition, we observed that removal of the 44 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the GatA subunit only inhibits the Asp-AdT activity, leaving the Glu-AdT activity of the mutant AdT unaltered; this shows that Asp-AdT and Glu-AdT activities can be mechanistically separated

Reactivation of Latent Tuberculosis in Cynomolgus Macaques Infected with SIV Is Associated with Early Peripheral T Cell Depletion and Not Virus Load

HIV-infected individuals with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are at significantly greater risk of reactivation tuberculosis (TB) than HIV-negative individuals with latent TB, even while CD4 T cell numbers are well preserved. Factors underlying high rates of reactivation are poorly understood and investigative tools are limited. We used cynomolgus macaques with latent TB co-infected with SIVmac251 to develop the first animal model of reactivated TB in HIV-infected humans to better explore these factors. All latent animals developed reactivated TB following SIV infection, with a variable time to reactivation (up to 11 months post-SIV). Reactivation was independent of virus load but correlated with depletion of peripheral T cells during acute SIV infection. Animals experiencing reactivation early after SIV infection (<17 weeks) had fewer CD4 T cells in the periphery and airways than animals reactivating in later phases of SIV infection. Co-infected animals had fewer T cells in involved lungs than SIV-negative animals with active TB despite similar T cell numbers in draining lymph nodes. Granulomas from these animals demonstrated histopathologic characteristics consistent with a chronically active disease process. These results suggest initial T cell depletion may strongly influence outcomes of HIV-Mtb co-infection

Transcriptional Control of Adipose Lipid Handling by IRF4

SummaryAdipocytes store triglyceride during periods of nutritional affluence and release free fatty acids during fasting through coordinated cycles of lipogenesis and lipolysis. While much is known about the acute regulation of these processes during fasting and feeding, less is understood about the transcriptional basis by which adipocytes control lipid handling. Here, we show that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a critical determinant of the transcriptional response to nutrient availability in adipocytes. Fasting induces IRF4 in an insulin- and FoxO1-dependent manner. IRF4 is required for lipolysis, at least in part due to direct effects on the expression of adipocyte triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. Conversely, reduction of IRF4 enhances lipid synthesis. Mice lacking adipocyte IRF4 exhibit increased adiposity and deficient lipolysis. These studies establish a link between IRF4 and the disposition of calories in adipose tissue, with consequences for systemic metabolic homeostasis