Sex Differences in Aripiprazole Sensitization from Adolescence to Adulthood

The present study investigated the potential sex differences in repeated aripiprazole (ARI) treatment-induced behavioral sensitization from adolescence to adulthood, and to determine whether ARI sensitization can be transferred to olanzapine (OLZ) and/or clozapine (CLZ) using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and phencyclidine-induced (PCP) hyperlocomotion tests of antipsychotic activity. Male and female Sprague-Dawley adolescence rats (P46) were first treated with ARI (10 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days (P46–50) and tested for avoidance response and ARI-induced inhibition of PCP-induced hyperlocomotion. After they became adults (\u3eP68), rats were challenged with ARI (1.5 mg/kg, sc) (P70), OLZ (0.5 mg/kg, sc; P73), CLZ (5 mg/kg, sc; P76) and again with ARI (1.5 mg/kg, sc; P84) and tested for avoidance response and ARI-induced inhibition of PCP-induced hyperlocomotion again. During the drug treatment period in adolescence, repeated ARI treatment suppressed avoidance response, inhibited the PCP-induced hyperlocomotion, and these effects were progressively increased across the 5-day period in both males and females, confirming the induction of ARI sensitization. On the challenge days, rats previously treated with ARI in adolescence also had significantly lower avoidance and lower PCP-induced hyperlocomotion than the previous vehicle rats, confirming the expression of ARI sensitization and its persistence into adulthood. More importantly, female rats made significantly more avoidances than males in both ARI and vehicle groups, indicating higher sensitivity to the acute and long-term effects of ARI. Further, on the OLZ and CLZ challenge days, prior ARI treatment seemed to increase sensitivity to OLZ exposure, however, this increase was not significant. Similarly, rats also showed an ARI sensitization to OLZ and CLZ on challenge days. Collectively, results from this experiment demonstrated a sex difference in response to ARI and enhanced inhibition of PCP-induced hyperlocomotion in animals that were pretreated with ARI as compared to controls

New Poll: Adults Working With Youths Say Minority Children Face More Obstacles to Health and Success than White Counterparts

Minority children and teenagers have fewer opportunities than white counterparts to be healthy, obtain a quality education and achieve economic success, according to a national survey of adults whose jobs involve children's education, health and economic well-being. The groundbreaking poll was released by the independent W.K. Kellogg Foundation, which sought to gauge the level of disparities affecting children of color

Feedback, Iterative Processing and Academic Trust - Teacher Education Students\u27 Perceptions of Assessment Feedback

Abstract: Feedback and reflective processes play an important role in learning with both teachers and students required to play active roles. The importance of feedback processes and practices takes on an added dimension in the field of teacher education as the assessment and feedback processes are also professional practices that students themselves will be enacting in their professional roles. To this end, feedback provides opportunities for students to develop their own professional assessment literacy but also draws attention to the role of the teacher-education lecturer or assessor and the roles and relationships involved. This article reports on a research study which investigated teacher education students’ perceptions of assessment feedback and how they used it. Drawing upon a sociocultural framing, findings highlight the importance of different mediating means including rules, roles and relationships, the practice of iterative processing and the importance of ‘academic trust’

Electrochemical detection of TNT at cobalt phthalocyanine mediated screen-printed electrodes and application to detection of airborne vapours

We describe the use of cobalt phthalocyanine as a mediator to improve the sensitivity for the electrochemical detection of TNT. Commercial screen-printed electrodes containing cobalt phthalocyanine were employed for determination of TNT. Improved sensitivities compared to screen-printed carbon electrodes without phthalocyanine were observed, current response for cyclic voltammetric measurements at modified electrodes being at least double that of unmodified electrodes. A synergistic effect between oxygen and TNT reduction was also observed. Correlation between TNT concentrations and sensor output was observed between 0–200 µM TNT. Initial proof-of-concept experiments combining electrochemical determinations, with the use of an air-sampling cyclone, are also reported

Administrative Status and Authority of Directors of Special Services in the State of Oklahoma

Educational Administratio

Tiyo Soga : man of four names

This study finds its place in a global resurgence of interest in the Reverend Tiyo 'Zisani' Soga's and nineteenth century black political activism. It attempts to deepen our inderstanding od Soga's global milieu and identity, providing an assessment of scholarship on Soga's life and commenting on the major critical works on Soga provided by Williams, de Kock and Attwell and addressing the question of his multiple identities. The thesis explores Soga's relationship with textuality to reveal the struggles he encountered during his career as an author, most especially as the translator of the Bible.English StudiesD. Litt. et Phil

Ex vivo testing of a novel, tissue-preserving technology for battlefield deployment and limb perfusion support technology that provides long-term circulatory support to systemically-isolated injured limbs

Objectives -- Limb injuries are the most common combat injuries, representing ~70% of injuries in the Iraq/Afghanistan conflicts, with 5-7% resulting in major limb amputation. Under battlefield conditions, the priority is to preserve life, often leading to irreversible limb damage/amputation. To reduce limb loss rate, we have developed limb salvage technology suitable for austere environments. The point of contact technology has two components, aimed at preserving limbs at injury site and during clearance/transportation. A dual, pneumatic tourniquet isolates the limb and controls haemorrhage, and a cooling sock reduces metabolic requirements and enhances viability. The third component (perfusion technology) is not field-deployed (used in field hospitals). Using our mini-integrated ECMO, coupled with automated control and encasement technology, our limb life support technology supports prolonged tissue metabolism and circulation, permitting staged surgical intervention. This technology chain was tested using disarticulated ovine hind limbs, mimicking the most extreme scenario–salvaging a fully disarticulated limb beyond 3hrs. Methods -- Freshly disarticulated limbs were collected (point of contact) and assessment of prolonged muscle viability performed under three conditions: Non-cooled, non-perfused (NC-NP, no intervention); perfused-cooled (NC-P), and; cooled-perfused (C-P) (n=3 per group). Cooled limbs placed in the cooling sock throughout transit/evacuation, and perfused limb groups placed on limb life support technology (arrival at military medical facility). Femoral artery and vein were cannulated and limb heated and oxygenated for 2hrs. Tissue viability assessment was at 1hr (baseline) and 3hr post-disarticulation, performed using nerve stimulation on intact muscle. Results -- Mean±SD deep tissue cooling after 1hr was 8.56 ±1oC for cooled groups. Limbs were perfused 77±17min post-disarticulation. For nerve stimulation (observable twitch threshold (in mA for 1s)), all groups displayed baseline muscle activity 1hr post-disarticulation; C-P 21±20.5; NC-P 85±18; NC-NP 33±26.5. At test endpoint, C-P and NC-P values were 50±69.3 and 22±13.5, respectively, and no muscle activity shown in non-intervention group. Discussions -- We sustained considerable muscle nerve activity in both perfused groups at 3hr post-disarticulation, whilst non-intervention limbs showed no activity. Our technology focuses on ultimately maximising functional recovery. The field-deployable system is suitable for frontline trauma care in austere environments, and designed to support tissue salvage and regeneration