Między uniwersytetem a rynkiem. Tłumacz języka hiszpańskiego w Polsce w świetle wyników badań ankietowych

The aim of this paper is to report on the results of the first study on translators of Spanish in Poland. A wide range of data was collected, regarding translators’ education, affective and motivational factors, external and internal standards, translator competence and self-management as well as market conditions. To organise the data, the translator’s self-learning perspective was adopted. Thus, translation is analysed as a self-didactic process that occurs in the translator’s mind and emotions and proceeds in interaction with the environment. The methodology was based on the constructivist assumption that knowledge about the world is constructed by an individual according to his/her experiences. A questionnaire based on intro- and retrospection was administrated to a representative sample of translators of Spanish. The sample was selected from experienced translators, based on the criterion of minimum 5 years of continuous and intense practice. Still, an adjustment was necessary to reflect the complex reality of translation in Poland: only 40% of translators limit their activity to translation. When enquired on the reasons for maintaining other occupations, most of translators pointed at avoiding isolation. The cluster analysis revealed 3 clusters, each of them indicating one of the following reasons: seeking social prestige, intellectual challenge and regular income. Translators evaluated their preparation for the profession on graduation (only 15% felt prepared) and currently (20% felt excellent and 55% satisfactorily prepared). This proves that the competence of currently working translators is a result of self-learning. Self-analysis obtained highest scores in the entire sample, while the university occupied the 5th position. The sources dominating in each of 3 clusters were the university, social and internal sources, and self-analysis. On the other hand, translators were enquired about the causes of their deficient preparation on graduation. Answers with highest scores in the sample were:no translation teaching, no specialisation and only literary translation. The cluster analysis revealed additional causes: no CAT training and no self-management skills training. Most of the results of the study suggest that although specialised translation was not taught at universities, most successful translators struggle to specialise and, on the other hand, plan and monitor their learning. Also, high levels of specialisation correlate with higher levels of self-efficacy.Referat omawia wstępne wyniki pierwszego badania przeprowadzonego w grupie zawodowej tłumaczy języka hiszpańskiego. Przy pomocy kwestionariusza opartego na introspekcji uzyskano dane na temat różnych aspektów działalności zawodowej tłumaczy: wykształcenia, aktualnej kompetencji tłumaczeniowej, a także metod pracy, czynników afektywnych, prestiżu, poczucia własnej skuteczności oraz sukcesu zawodowego. Jednym z centralnych zagadnień badania była konfrontacja wykształcenia tłumaczy z realiami rynku pracy

Competence and self-efficacy: a study of the affective factors in the translator

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de un estudio acerca de los aspectos afectivos del traductor. Su descripción toma conceptos desarrollados dentro del campo de la psicología: autoeficacia, atribuciones y motivaciones. Los resultados obtenidos revelan vínculos entre las actitudes y ciertas habilidades. Por ejemplo, tener una gran autoeficacia y un estilo favorable de atribución está claramente relacionado un alto nivel de gestión y de capacidad para trabajar con herramientas de TAO. Asimismo, los criterios aplicados para la autoevaluación son de gran utilidad. Los traductores con una gran autoeficacia se consideran en términos de dinero y prestigio, mientras que los traductores con una autoeficacia menor tienden a autoreferenciarse más. Esto pone de relieve la importancia de los componentes sociales en la traducción profesional.The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the affective aspects of translator profession. Their description revolves around concepts developed within the field of psychology: self-efficacy, attributions and motivations. The results obtained reveal links between attitudes and certain skill patterns. Namely, high selfefficacy and a favourable attribution style correlate with high level management and CAT skills. Also, criteria applied for self-evaluation prove meaningful. Translators with high self-efficacy evaluate themselves against money and prestige criteria, while professionals with deficient self-efficacy are mostly self-referenced. This proves the importance of the social components in the translation professio

Competencia y autoeficacia: Estudio de los factores afectivos en el traductor

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the affective aspects of translator profession. Their description revolves around concepts developed within the field of psychology: self-efficacy, attributions and motivations. The results obtained reveal links between attitudes and certain skill patterns. Namely, high selfefficacy and a favourable attribution style correlate with high level management and CAT skills. Also, criteria applied for self-evaluation prove meaningful. Translators with high self-efficacy evaluate themselves against money and prestige criteria, while professionals with deficient self-efficacy are mostly self-referenced. This proves the importance of the social components in the translation profession.El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de un estudio acerca de los aspectos afectivos del traductor. Su descripción toma conceptos desarrollados dentro del campo de la psicología: autoeficacia, atribuciones y motivaciones. Los resultados obtenidos revelan vínculos entre las actitudes y ciertas habilidades. Por ejemplo, tener una gran autoeficacia y un estilo favorable de atribución está claramente relacionado un alto nivel de gestión y de capacidad para trabajar con herramientas de TAO. Asimismo, los criterios aplicados para la autoevaluación son de gran utilidad. Los traductores con una gran autoeficacia se consideran en términos de dinero y prestigio, mientras que los traductores con una autoeficacia menor tienden a autoreferenciarse más. Esto pone de relieve la importancia de los componentes sociales en la traducción profesional

Arrays of ultraconserved non-coding regions span the loci of key developmental genes in vertebrate genomes

Background: Evolutionarily conserved sequences within or adjoining orthologous genes often serve as critical cis-regulatory regions. Recent studies have identified long, non-coding genomic regions that are perfectly conserved between human and mouse, termed ultra-conserved regions (UCRs). Here, we focus on UCRs that cluster around genes involved in early vertebrate development; genes conserved over 450 million years of vertebrate evolution. Results Based on a high resolution detection procedure, our UCR set enables novel insights into vertebrate genome organization and regulation of developmentally important genes. We find that the genomic positions of deeply conserved UCRs are strongly associated with the locations of genes encoding key regulators of development, with particularly strong positional correlation to transcription factor-encoding genes. Of particular importance is the observation that most UCRs are clustered into arrays that span hundreds of kilobases around their presumptive target genes. Such a hallmark signature is present around several uncharacterized human genes predicted to encode developmentally important DNA-binding proteins. Conclusion The genomic organization of UCRs, combined with previous findings, suggests that UCRs act as essential long-range modulators of gene expression. The exceptional sequence conservation and clustered structure suggests that UCR-mediated molecular events involve greater complexity than traditional DNA binding by transcription factors. The high-resolution UCR collection presented here provides a wealth of target sequences for future experimental studies to determine the nature of the biochemical mechanisms involved in the preservation of arrays of nearly identical non-coding sequences over the course of vertebrate evolution.Medical Genetics, Department ofMedicine, Faculty ofMolecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Centre forNon UBCReviewedFacult

Increased Frequency of BK Virus-Specific Polyfunctional CD8+ T Cells Predict Successful Control of BK Viremia After Kidney Transplantation

BackgroundBK virus infection remains an important cause of loss of allograft function after kidney transplantation. We sought to determine whether polyfunctional T cells secreting multiple cytokines simultaneously, which have been shown to be associated with viral control, could be detected early after start of BK viremia, which would provide insight into the mechanism of successful antiviral control.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells collected during episodes of BK viral replication were evaluated by multiparameter flow cytometry after stimulation by overlapping peptide pools of BK virus antigen to determine frequency of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells expressing 1 or more cytokines simultaneously, as well as markers of T-cell activation, exhaustion, and maturation.ResultsBK virus controllers, defined as those with episodes of BK viremia of 3 months or less, had an 11-fold increase in frequency of CD8+ polyfunctional T cells expressing multiple cytokines, as compared with patients with prolonged episodes of BK viremia. Patients with only low level BK viremia expressed low frequencies of polyfunctional T cells. Polyfunctional T cells were predominantly of the effector memory maturation subtype and expressed the cytotoxicity marker CD107a.ConclusionsNoninvasive techniques for immune assessment of peripheral blood can provide insight into the mechanism of control of BK virus replication and may allow for future patient risk stratification and customization of immune suppression at the onset of BK viremia