Plant hydraulics at the heart of plant, crops and ecosystem functions in the face of climate change

16 páginas.- 5 figuras.- 179 referencias.- Additional Supporting Information may be found online in theSupporting Information section at the end of the article.Plant hydraulics is crucial for assessing the plants' capacity to extract and transport water from the soil up to their aerial organs. Along with their capacity to exchange water between plant compartments and regulate evaporation, hydraulic properties determine plant water relations, water status and susceptibility to pathogen attacks. Consequently, any variation in the hydraulic characteristics of plants is likely to significantly impact various mechanisms and processes related to plant growth, survival and production, as well as the risk of biotic attacks and forest fire behaviour. However, the integration of hydraulic traits into disciplines such as plant pathology, entomology, fire ecology or agriculture can be significantly improved. This review examines how plant hydraulics can provide new insights into our understanding of these processes, including modelling processes of vegetation dynamics, illuminating numerous perspectives for assessing the consequences of climate change on forest and agronomic systems, and addressing unanswered questions across multiple areas of knowledge.This article is an output of the international network ‘PsiHub’ funded and supported by the ECODIV department of INRAE.This review was partly supported by the H2020 Project FORGENIUS (Improving access to FORest GENetic resourcesInformation and services for end-USers) #862221Peer reviewe

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

P. Carlier (†), Fr. Joannès, Fr. Rougemont, J. Zurbach (éd.), Palatial Economies in the Ancient Near East and in the Aegean. First Steps Towards a Comprehensive Study and Analysis, ESF Exploratory Workshop held in Sèvres (France), 16-19 Sept. 2010, Pasiphae 11, Pise – Rome

Acts of the ESF Exploratory Workshop held in Sèvres, 16–19 Sept. 201

Palatial Economy in the Ancient Near East and in the Aegean: First Steps Towards a Comprehensive Study and Analysis. ESF Exploratory Workshop Held in Sèvres (France), 16-19 Sept. 2010

copertinaPalatial Economy in the Ancient Near East and in the Aegean. First Steps towards a Comprehensive Study and Analysis, Acts of the ESF Exploratory Workshop held in Sèvres, 16–19 Sept. 2010, edited by P. Carlier, Fr. Joannès, Fr. Rougemont, J. Zurbach, 2017, pp. 372 con figure in bianco/nero n.t. (XI, 2017)PASIPHAE · FASCICOLI MONOGRAFICIFabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · RomaIl convegno sulle economie palaziali (presentato in questo fascicolo monografico di «Pasiphae»), tenutosi a Sèvres dal 16 al 19 settembre 2010, ha avuto lo scopo di riunire studiosi di aree diverse che condividono lo stesso oggetto di ricerca. Lo svolgimento del XIII Simposio Internazionale su testi micenei ed egei a Sèvres, Nanterre e Parigi, la settimana successiva, ha dato la possibilità di beneficiare della presenza della maggior parte degli studiosi di epigrafia egea a Parigi. Il volume comprende la quasi totalità dei contributi presentati. Gli scambi scientifici e, più in particolare, il confronto tra i palazzi del mondo egeo e quelli del Vicino Oriente erano emersi presto come una necessità, dopo la decifrazione della Lineare B, e anche prima. Oggi, sia per gli specialisti di epigrafia egea, sia per gli studiosi di orientalistica, sia per gli antropologi dell'economia e gli storici, il lavoro da fare sull'economia dei palazzi nel mondo egeo e in quello del Vicino Oriente è enorme, in primo luogo a causa del continuo aumento delle fonti disponibili, tra studi filologici, archeologici e storici. Inoltre, l'attività in comune e i metodi comparativi restano da definire e sono anch'essi oggetto di discussione, per quella che è una delle principali direzioni di sviluppo degli studi micenei

Etude de l'endommagement d'un composite thermoplastique à fibres continues

National audienceCe poster présente le contexte et les objectifs d'une thèse qui débute sur la caractérisation et la modélisation en fatigue d'un composite PA66 chargé fibres courtes et renforcé par des fibres continues. Le projet DynaFib a abouti à un concept de pièce industrialisable et une démarche de dimensionnement produit process associée. Il reste maintenant à poursuivre le travail de compréhension mené lors de ce projet et de l'étendre au comportement en fatigue dans un but de modélisation avec une approche multi-échelle

Development and Evaluation of Chlamylege, a New Commercial Test Allowing Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Legionella, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Clinical Respiratory Specimens by Multiplex PCR

This study describes the development and evaluation of a new commercial test, Chlamylege (Argene Inc.), which allows the simultaneous detection in respiratory samples of Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and most Legionella species, as well as PCR inhibitors, by using a multiplex PCR and microplate hybridization. The sensitivities of Chlamylege were 1 × 10(−3) IFU, 5 × 10(−2) color-changing units, and 1 CFU per reaction tube for C. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila, respectively. A cohort of 154 clinical samples from patients with documented respiratory infections was analyzed by the kit, including 2 samples from patients with C. pneumoniae infection, 9 samples from patients with M. pneumoniae infection, 19 samples from patients with Legionella species infection, and 114 samples that tested negative for the three pathogens. All the positive specimens were correctly detected and identified by the Chlamylege kit, and no false-positive result was observed with the negative samples. The kit was then evaluated in a pediatric prospective study that included 220 endotracheal aspirates, and the results were compared with those obtained by three single in-house PCR assays. Four specimens were found to be positive for C. pneumoniae and six were found to be positive for M. pneumoniae by using both strategies. The Chlamylege kit detected two additional samples positive for M. pneumoniae and one additional sample positive for a Legionella species other than L. pneumophila; these three samples were shown to be true positive by other techniques. These overall results demonstrate that the Chlamylege assay is sensitive, specific, and convenient for the rapid detection and identification of atypical pathogens in clinical samples from patients with respiratory infections

The Nabonidus Chronicle on the ninth year of Nabonidus (547-6 BC). Babylonia and Lydia in context

New edition and discussion of the Nabonidus Chronicle (ABC 7: II 10-18) on the conquest of Lydia by the Persian king Cyrus and the New Year Festival in Babylon in the absence of king Nabonidus