No induction of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes during continuous exposure to eugenol and citral

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptation response of Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA), and Listeria monocytogenes to the essential oil (EO), eugenol, and citral. The minimum inhibitory concentration of eugenol and citral was determined by agar dilution and microdilution. Adaptation to eugenol and citral was done by sequential exposure of the pathogens to increasing concentrations of the essential oils. The M2-A9 standard was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility. The effect of eugenol and citral on the adherence ability was evaluated by the crystal violet assay. The impact of adaptation to eugenol on virulence was estimated using the Galleria mellonella model. No development of resistance to the components and antibiotics was observed in the adapted cells of S.aureus, MRSA, and L.monocytogenes. Eugenol and citral at subinhibitory concentration reduced the bacterial adherence. Adaptation to subinhibitory concentration of eugenol affected the virulence potential of S.aureus, MRSA, and L.monocytogenes. Eugenol and citral do not pose a risk of resistance development in a continuous mode of use. These EO components showed a high efficacy as antistaphylococcal and antilisterial biofilm agents. Adaptation at subinhibitory concentration of eugenol protected the larvae against listerial and staphylococcal infection.FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia [PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Continuous Wavelet Transform: A Primer

Wavelet analysis is becoming more popular in the Economics discipline. Until recently, most works have made use of tools associated with the Discrete Wavelet Transform. However, after 2005, there has been a growing body of work in Economics and Finance that makes use of the Continuous Wavelet Transform tools. In this article, we give a self-contained summary on the most relevant theoretical results associated with the Continuous Wavelet Transform, the Cross-Wavelet Transform, the Wavelet Coherency and the Wavelet Phase-Difference. We describe how the transforms are usually implemented in practice and provide some examples. We also introduce the Economists to a new class of analytic wavelets, the Generalized Morse Wavelets, which have some desirable properties and provide an alternative to the Morlet Wavelet. Finally, we provide a user friendly toolbox which will allow any researcher to replicate our results and to use it in his/her own research.Economic cycles; ContinuousWavelet Transform, Cross-Wavelet Transform, Wavelet Coherency, Wavelet Phase-Difference; The Great Moderation.

Dona, territori i societat (una anàlisi des de la geografia del gènere)

En novembre 1991 un séminaire a été organisé à l'Université des Iles Baléares sur le sujet ((Femme, territoire et societé)). Le but du séminaire, a caractere pluridisciplinaire, était d'approcher le milieu universitaire en particulier et le public en general, a une ligne tres actuelle dans la recherche géographique, celle de la géographie du genre, qui étudie les inégalités socio-spatiales et de l'environment dérivées des roles différents des hommes et des femmes dans nos societés.A seminar on((Women, Territory and Society)) was organized by the University of the Balearic Islands at Palma de Mallorca on November 1991. This interdisciplinary seminar aimed to present to the university audience as well as to the general public the gender approach in geography, one of the most promising lines in current geographical research; this approach wants to explore the socio-spatial and environmental inequalities derived from the different roles that women and men are assigned in our societies.Durante el mes de noviembre de 1991 se celebro en la Universidad de las Islas Baleares (Palma de Mallorca) un seminario sobre ((Mujer, territono y sociedad)). El objetivo del seminario -que tuvo un caracter interdisciplinario era presentar al mundo universitario y al publico en general el enfoque de género en geografia. Esta linea de investigación es una de las de mayor actualidad en geografia y estudia las desigualdades socio-espaciales y ambientales derivadas de los diferentes papeles que la sociedad asigna a hombre y mujeres.El mes de novembre de 1991 es va celebrar a la Universitat de les Illes Balears (Palma de Mallorca) un seminari sobre (Dona, territori i societat). El proposit del seminari que va tenir un caracter multidisciplinari- era apropar al món universitari, en particular, i al públic, en general, una de les línies més actuals en el camp de la investigació geografica, la de geografia i genere, que estudia les desigualtats socio-espacials i ambientals derivades dels diferents papers que la societat assigna a homes i dones

The Acreage and Borrowing Effects of Direct Payments Under Uncertainty: A Simulation Approach

We use simulation methods in an expected utility maximization framework to analyze a farmer’s optimal resource allocation in the presence of government payments, decoupled and not. This framework is extended to incorporate the optimal choice of investment levels in the presence of credit constraints. Further extensions include a wealth-dependent interest rate and decreasing marginal yields. We find decoupled payments affect the optimal choices of the credit-constrained farmer through a collateral-enhancement effect, so they do distort production. The 2005 proposal by Senators Grassley, Dorgan, Hagel, and Johnson to tighten limits on commodity payments is not found to affect payments of the typical Kansas farmer.Decoupled payments, Credit constraints, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, Q17, Q18,

The Acreage and Borrowing Effects ok Direct Payments Under Uncertainty: A Simulation

We use simulation methods in an expected utility maximization framework to analyze a farmer`s optimal resource allocation in the presence of government payments, decoupled and not. This framework is extended to incorporate the optimal choice of investment levels in the presence of credit constraints. Further extensions include a wealth-dependent interest rate and decreasing marginal yields. We find decoupled payments affect the optimal choices of the credit - constrained farmer though a collateral - enhancement effect, so they do distort production. The 2005 proposal by Senators Grasseley, Dorgan, Hagel, and Johnson to tighten limits on commodity payments is not found to affect payments of the typical Kansas farmer.decoupled payments; credit constraints.

Dona, territori i societat (una anàlisi des de la geografia del gènere)

En novembre 1991 un séminaire a été organisé à l'Université des Iles Baléares sur le sujet ((Femme, territoire et societé)). Le but du séminaire, a caractere pluridisciplinaire, était d'approcher le milieu universitaire en particulier et le public en general, a une ligne tres actuelle dans la recherche géographique, celle de la géographie du genre, qui étudie les inégalités socio-spatiales et de l'environment dérivées des roles différents des hommes et des femmes dans nos societés.A seminar on((Women, Territory and Society)) was organized by the University of the Balearic Islands at Palma de Mallorca on November 1991. This interdisciplinary seminar aimed to present to the university audience as well as to the general public the gender approach in geography, one of the most promising lines in current geographical research; this approach wants to explore the socio-spatial and environmental inequalities derived from the different roles that women and men are assigned in our societies.Durante el mes de noviembre de 1991 se celebro en la Universidad de las Islas Baleares (Palma de Mallorca) un seminario sobre ((Mujer, territono y sociedad)). El objetivo del seminario -que tuvo un caracter interdisciplinario era presentar al mundo universitario y al publico en general el enfoque de género en geografia. Esta linea de investigación es una de las de mayor actualidad en geografia y estudia las desigualdades socio-espaciales y ambientales derivadas de los diferentes papeles que la sociedad asigna a hombre y mujeres.El mes de novembre de 1991 es va celebrar a la Universitat de les Illes Balears (Palma de Mallorca) un seminari sobre (Dona, territori i societat). El proposit del seminari que va tenir un caracter multidisciplinari- era apropar al món universitari, en particular, i al públic, en general, una de les línies més actuals en el camp de la investigació geografica, la de geografia i genere, que estudia les desigualtats socio-espacials i ambientals derivades dels diferents papers que la societat assigna a homes i dones