The Future of Freedom of Information: An Analysis of the Impact of Executive Orders on the Freedom of Information Act National Security Exemptions

The Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA") was enacted in 1976 to provide access to government information while balancing the interests of privacy and national security. A constant theme in court interpretations has been the extent of FOIA's national security exemptions in preventing disclosure. These interpretations are based on both FOIA and current Presidential Executive Orders addressing the classification of national security information. This paper analyzes the changes between President Bush's and President Obama's Executive Orders. Furthermore, this paper examines the relevant case law regarding FOIA national security exemptions and possible impacts from the changes in Executive Orders. This paper also makes recommendations on how to better implement the policy presented in the Executive Order. This paper concludes that President Obama's Executive Order, while clearly stating the intended policy of open access and addressing prior problems in internal agency procedures, fails to provide adequate changes that will impact FOIA litigation

Deplorables: emotions, political sophistication, and political intolerance

While scholars have shown strong and enduring interest in the role of emotions in politics, questions remain about the connections between emotions and political intolerance. First, it is not clear which emotion (if any) is likely to produce intolerance toward one’s disliked groups, with different studies favoring hatred, anger, or fear. Second, it is unclear whether these effects of emotion are moderated by sophistication, as some conventional political thought argues. Do the less-sophisticated, in other words, rely on emotions when making judgments, therefore being less tolerant than sophisticates, who rely on reason? Here, we test both hypotheses using a large representative sample of the American population. We find that hatred, anger, and fear are significantly but only modestly related to political intolerance. Moreover, the effects of emotions on intolerance are not consistently stronger among the unsophisticated. These findings provide little support for the conventional assumption that the less sophisticated rely on their emotions in making political judgments

Physicians and Lawyers: Science, Art, and Conflict

The relations between physicians and lawyers have deteriorated rapidly over the past several decades, most particularly since the early 70s when the perception that a medical malpractice crisis existed in America became widespread. Some believe that the factors dividing the two professions . are linked (1) to professional jealousy, (2) to sometimes conflicting economic interests, or (3) to difficulties in communication, since both professions use many of the same words, or terms of art, but with different intended meanings. While the authors agree that these factors may have aggravated the problem, they believe that the conflict\u27s real roots are in the very different ways in which physicians and lawyers are trained and in the different epistemologies that each profession has accepted, as a result of which each reasons and solves problems in a manner that not only diverges from but sometimes contradicts the other\u27s. The authors conclude that only as the varying epistemologies begin to converge can physicians and lawyers begin to approach problems in more similar ways, and to discover the underlying compatibility of many of their interests and goals