ETIOLOGY FOR LIVER DISEASES IN PEDIATRIC POPULATION

Objective: The liver diseases affect both the pediatric and adult populations. In the adult population, the stereotype diagnosis in the Indian population is targeted toward males due to excessive alcoholic consumption. Nevertheless, the liver diseases can also affect both the female and pediatric populations. Pediatric liver diseases include cirrhosis, fatty liver diseases, and hepatic failure. The liver diseases are commonly caused by biliary atresia and genetic metabolic diseases. In children, the signs and symptoms of liver diseases are dependent on the principal reason of the liver disease. This review article is to cover all the etiologies that have been identified to cause liver diseases with a special focus on pediatric acute liver failure.Methods: An extensive PubMed search was conducted and articles that were published after 2007 were included in this article.Results: The pediatric population etiology of liver diseases can be broadly categorized into infections, immunologic, metabolic, toxin or drug related, indeterminate, and diseases resulting in liver cirrhosis. Complications of pediatric liver diseases include malnutrition, infection, gastroesophageal varices, and hepatic encephalopathy.Conclusion: Overall, the etiology for liver diseases in the pediatric population is many. Early identification of these factors can improve the quality of life of the pediatric patient. With the correct diagnostic parameters and treatment certain conditions can be completely cured. As for those whose effective treatment is still lacking it is essential to continue the ongoing research until the missing pieces have been identified.Keywords: Pediatric population, Liver diseases, Acute liver failure, Etiology, Pediatric acute liver failure

Recognition of Changes in SAR Images Based on Gauss-Log Ratio and MRFFCM

Abstract-A modified version of MRFFCM (Markov Random Fiel

An efficient and simple one-pot synthesis of 2-perfluoroalkylated benzo[1,3]dioxole derivatives via double–Michael reaction of fluorinated alkynes

International audienceAn efficient, mild and very easy method for the synthesis of 2-fluoroalkylated 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives was developed through a double Michael-addition reaction on ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-ynoate with corresponding catechols. The procedure does not require the use of expensive supplementary additives for the preparation of 2-fluoroalkylated benzo ketals

An Efficient Synthesis of New 7-Trifluoromethyl-2,5-disubstituted Pyrazolo 1,5-a pyrimidines

International audienceA novel two-step synthesis of trifluoromethylated 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidines is reported from 3-aminopyrazoles and ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-ynoate. The synthetic route begins with the one-pot synthesis of 7-trifluoromethylated pyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidin-5-ones by condensation of 3-aminopyrazoles with a fluorinated alkyne. The products obtained are used as building blocks to synthesize directly, with excellent yields via C-O bond activation, a library of new fluorinated 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidines of biological interest. This operation efficiently allows C-C, C-N and C-S bond formation

Stabilized landfill leachate treatment by zero valent aluminium-acid system combined with hydrogen peroxide and persulfate based advanced oxidation process

The toxic leachate generated from landfills is becoming a major nuisance to the environment and has vital role in groundwater contamination. This study evaluated the potential of zero valent aluminium (ZVAl) based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for stabilized landfill leachate treatment. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) and persulfate (PS) were used to generate additional radicals in aerated ZVAl acid process. ZVAl-acid system achieved 83% COD removal efficiency under optimized conditions such as acid washing time of 20 min, ZVAl dose of 10 g L�1 at initial pH 1.5. The highest exclusion efficiencies in terms of TOC, COD as well as color were 83.52%, 96% and 63.71% respectively in treatment systems showing the following order: ZVAl/H+ /Air/HP/PS > ZVAl/H+ /Air/PS > ZVAl/H+ /Air/HP > ZVAl/H+ /Air > ZVAl/H+ . The involvement of other metals such as Fe and Cu in the process has been found. The reusability study revealed that ZVAl powder can be effectively used up to three cycles. The 28.48 mg/l of Al3+ residue was observed in this process which has to be removed before discharge of effluent. The study indicated that the ZVAl based AOPs is stable and active for the degradation of organic pollutants present in landfill leachate and a promising solution except for the aluminium discharge which has to be given special care

Beyond the flavor: A green formulation of Ferula asafoetida oleo-gum-resin with fenugreek dietary fibre and its gut health potential

Albeit the fact that asafotida is a popular kitchen spice and Indian folklore medicine for gut disorders, its consumption at physiologically relevant dosage is greatly challenged by the unpleasant flavor characteristics. Herein we report a green approach to derive stable powder formulations of asafoetida gum with minimized taste and odor suitable for dietary applications and gut health-related disorders. Employing a water based ultrasound mediated gel-phase dispersion of asafoetida gum on fenugreek derived soluble galactomannan fibre matrix. Microencapsulated particles (1 ± 0.3 μm) of asafoetida was prepared as water dispersible free flowing powder (Asafin). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), accelerated stability and in vitro dissolution studies confirmed the stability, sustained release and microencapsulated structure of Asafin. Further investigations revealed significant (p < 0.01) reduction in acetic acid-induced writings and inhibition of ethanol-induced ulcer (94.1%) in rats orally administered with Asafin at 250 mg kgâ1 b.w. Asafin also exhibited anti-inflammatory effects (p < 0.01), in acute and chronic paw edema mice models. The safety of Asafin was further demonstrated by acute toxicity studies at 4 g kgâ1  b.w. and by 28 days of sub-acute toxicity studies at 2.0 g kgâ1 b.w. Keywords: Ferula asafoetida, Green formulation, Oral delivery, Gastroprotective, Ethanol-induced ulcer, Gut healt

Efficient synthesis and preliminary biological evaluations of trifluoromethylated imidazo[1,2- a ]pyrimidines and benzimidazo[1,2- a ]pyrimidines

International audienceFluoromethylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines and benzimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines were synthesized through Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization reaction by condensation of 2-amino imidazole derivatives with ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-ynoate and using C–O bond activation. The synthons thus obtained can be functionalized by forming new chemical bonds, including C–C, C–N and C–S, to provide easy access to a wide range of novel trifluoromethylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines and benzimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines in good to excellent yields. Preliminary biological evaluation revealed a number of derivatives displaying micromolar IC50 values against monoamine oxidase B and butyrylcholinesterase, two important targets in the field of neurodegenerative disorders