Two-dimensional 1H NMR spectra of ferricytochrome c551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

AbstractThe full assignment of 1H NMR signals of heme proton resonances of ferricytochrome c551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been performed by means of 2D NMR experiments. This technique allows the complete and unequivocal assignment of all heme resonances, including methylene resonances of the propionic groups, directly implicated in the pH dependence of the redox properties of cytochrome c551

Projected hydrologic changes over the north of the Iberian Peninsula using a Euro-CORDEX multi-model ensemble

This study explores the impacts of climate change on the hydrology of the headwater areas of the Duero River Basin, the largest basin of the Iberian Peninsula. To this end, an ensemble of 18 Euro-CORDEX model experiments was gathered for two periods, 1975–2005 and 2021–2100, under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), and were used as the meteorological forcings of the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) during the hydrological modelling exercise. The projected hydrologic changes for the future period were analyzed at annual and seasonal scales using several evaluation metrics, such as the delta changes of the atmospheric and land variables, the runoff and evapotranspiration ratios of the overall water balance, the snowmelt contribution to the total streamflow and the centroid position for the daily hydrograph of the average hydrologic year. Annual streamflow reductions of up to 40% were attained in various parts of the basin for the period 2071–2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario, and resulted from the precipitation decreases in the southern subwatersheds and the combined effect of the precipitation decreases and evapotranspiration increases in the north. The runoff and the evapotranspiration ratios evinced a tendency towards an evaporative regime in the north part of the basin and a strengthening of the evaporative response in the south. Seasonal streamflow changes were mostly negative and dependent on the season considered, with greater detriments in spring and summer, and less intense ones in autumn and winter. The snowmelt contribution to the total streamflow was strongly diminished with decreases reaching −80% in autumn and spring, thus pointing to a change in the snow regime for the Duero mountains. Finally, the annual and seasonal changes of the centroid position accounted for the shape changes of the hydrograph, constituting a measure of seasonality and reflecting high correlations degrees with the streamflow delta changes.Departamento Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de GranadaSpanish Ministry of Economy and625 Competitiveness projects CGL2013-48539-R and CGL2017-89836-REuropean Community Funds (FEDER) and by FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería627 de Economía y Conocimiento/B-RNM-336-UGR18 projectMinistry of Education, Culture and Sport of Spain (FPU grant FPU17/02098

Star formation efficiency and AGN feedback in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with fast X-ray nuclear winds

We present the first systematic study of the molecular gas and star formation efficiency in a sample of ten narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies selected to have X-ray Ultra Fast Outflows and, therefore, to potentially show AGN feedback effects. CO observations were obtained with the IRAM 30m telescope in six galaxies and from the literature for four galaxies. We derived the stellar mass, star formation rate, AGN and FIR dust luminosities by fitting the multi-band spectral energy distributions with the CIGALE code. Most of the galaxies in our sample lie above the main sequence (MS) and the molecular depletion time is one to two orders of magnitude shorter than the one typically measured in local star-forming galaxies. Moreover, we found a promising correlation between the star formation efficiency and the Eddington ratio, as well as a tentative correlation with the AGN luminosity. The role played by the AGN activity in the regulation of star formation within the host galaxies of our sample remains uncertain (little or no effect? positive feedback?). Nevertheless, we can conclude that quenching by the AGN activity is minor and that star formation will likely stop in a short time due to gas exhaustion by the current starburst episode.Comment: Published in MNRAS, Volume 524, Issue 2, Pages 3130-314

Estudio comparativo de distintas bases de datos de humedad del suelo superficial en la Península Ibérica

Ponencia presentada en: XI Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Cartagena entre el 17 y el 19 de octubre de 2018.[ES]Existen numerosas bases de datos con parámetros que permiten estudiar diversas variables, tanto climáticas como hidrológicas. Una posible aplicación del estudio de estas variables es la validación de datos provenientes de simulaciones, permitiendo establecer la habilidad que proporcionan los modelos de cara a realizar simulaciones de futuro. Esta validación puede ser especialmente complicada en lo referente a humedad del suelo debido a la dificultad que entraña la obtención de datos observacionales. Además, distintas bases de datos expresan la humedad del suelo de forma diferente, por ejemplo, como volumen de agua en un volumen de suelo o como capa de agua equivalente. Por ello, los datos de humedad del suelo no siempre son fácilmente comparables. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es la comparación de diversas bases de datos de humedad superficial del suelo, provenientes fundamentalmente de datos satelitales y de modelos, para la Península Ibérica (PI). Para ello, se han comparado los patrones de variabilidad espacio-temporal de humedad del suelo aportados por estas bases de datos y se han realizado test estadísticos para determinar si hay correlación entre ellos y conocer las limitaciones de cada conjunto de datos. Se ha comprobado que, en general, todas las bases de datos presentan tendencias similares, si bien los valores absolutos de humedad del suelo son diferentes. En algunos casos, se aprecia que existe una importante correlación entre algunos conjuntos de datos. Esto puede ser debido al uso de modelos de suelo para reescalar y homogeneizar los datos observados.[EN]The existence of several databases containing climate and hydrologic parameters allows the study of their variables. A possible application of the study of these variables is the validation of data obtained from simulations, which makes model skill evaluation possible. This is useful when simulating future scenarios. However, this validation can be especially problematic for soil moisture data due to the difficulty inherent in its acquisition. Moreover, databases use different magnitudes for this variable, e.g. volume of water contained in the soil or thickness of equivalent water layer. Therefore, data cannot be easily compared. The aim of this work is the comparison of several soil moisture databases, mainly from satellite observations and model reanalysis. Spatial and temporal variability of the data was compared, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula. Statistical tests were also performed, in order to determine whether databases are correlated and to know the limitations of the studied datasets. Results of the analysis show that all databases present similar trends, even though their absolute values of soil moisture are different. In some cases, there are strong correlations between the datasets. This may be due to the use of land surface models to re-scale and harmonise observed soil moisture data

Estudio de la habilidad de las predicciones climáticas decenales para reproducir patrones de circulación atmosférica de gran escala

Ponencia presentada en: XII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Santiago de Compostela entre el 19 y el 21 de octubre de 2022.[ES]El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la capacidad del Decadal Prediction Large Ensemble (DPLE) para reproducir los principales patrones de circulación atmosférica del hemisferio norte. El DPLE está constituido por una serie de simulaciones climáticas decenales llevadas a cabo con el Community Earth System Model (CESM) e inicializadas cada año en noviembre desde 1954 hasta 2015. Para cada fecha de inicialización, un total de 40 realizaciones fueron generadas mediante la perturbación aleatoria de las condiciones iniciales atmosféricas. En este estudio se han analizado los principales modos de variabilidad espaciotemporal en invierno (diciembre, enero y febrero) de la presión a nivel del mar (SLP) del DPLE mediante un análisis de componentes principales (PCA). Se ha tomado como referencia la SLP del reanálisis del Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) en la evaluación de los resultados. La mayor correspondencia entre los modos de variabilidad del DPLE y los de referencia se da para el rango de predicción de 1-4 años, aunque las correlaciones existentes entre las componentes principales rotadas no superan el valor de 0.5. Las correlaciones disminuyen para los rangos de predicción de 3-6 y 6-9 años.[EN]The aim of this study is to evaluate the skill of Decadal Prediction Large Ensemble (DPLE) in reproducing the main atmospheric circulation patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. The DPLE encompasses a collection of near-term climate simulations carried out with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and initialised every year in November from 1954 to 2015. For each initial date, an ensemble of 40 members was generated by randomly perturbing the initial atmospheric conditions. In this study, the main spatio-temporal variability modes of DPLE sea level pressure (SLP) in winter (December, January, and February) have been analysed by means of a principal component analysis (PCA). SLP data from the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) has been used as a reference dataset in the evaluation of the results. The largest similarities between the DPLE and reference variability modes have been found in the forecast range of 1-4 years, although the correlations between the rotated principal components do not surpass 0.5. The correlations decrease for the forecast ranges of 3-6 and 6-9 years.Este estudio ha sido realizado en el marco del proyecto CGL2017-89836-R, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, y con fondos FEDER adicionales: B-RNM-336- UGR18, financiado por FEDER/Junta de Andalucía - Conserjería de Economía y Conocimiento, y P20_00035, financiado por FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Conserjería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, y Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (proyecto LifeWatch-2019-10-UGR-01)

Emergencia del cambio climático en cuencas de la Península Ibérica

Ponencia presentada en: XII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Santiago de Compostela entre el 19 y el 21 de octubre de 2022.[ES]Se espera que el aumento de la concentración de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) a la atmósfera cause importantes cambios en el sistema climático. Sin embargo, cómo será dicho efecto en el comportamiento de las diferentes variables climáticas es aún incierto a escala regional. Este estudio investiga la potencial emergencia de la señal de cambio climático antropogénico para las diferentes cuencas hidrográficas de la Península Ibérica (PI), una región especialmente vulnerable a los efectos del cambio climático. Para ello se analizan proyecciones de cambio climático regional de temperatura y precipitación a partir de la relación señal/ruido (S/N) calculada a escala estacional. Dichas proyecciones se obtuvieron con el modelo Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) el cual fue conducido por el modelo climático global (GCM) MPI-ESM-LR. MPI-ESM-LR fue previamente corregido en sesgo para simular el clima en la PI en el periodo de 1980 a 2100 bajo dos escenarios de emisión, el RCP4.5 y el RCP8.5. En general, los resultados mostraron que la señal de cambio climático antropogénico es probable que emerja durante el siglo XXI, al menos para la temperatura, siendo dicha señal más fuerte bajo el escenario RCP8.5 durante el otoño y verano. Bajo este mismo escenario, la precipitación muestra una señal de cambio más fuerte en primavera y verano. Determinar cómo evolucionará la señal de cambio antropogénica y cuando emergerá es de vital importancia, por lo que estos resultados pueden ayudar a la toma de decisiones y a la implementación de políticas de prevención y adaptación al cambio climático adecuadas.[EN]The rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere is expected to cause significant changes in the climate system. However, it is still uncertain how this factor would affect the behavior of different climatic variables on a regional scale.This study explores the potential emergence of the signal of anthropogenic climate change for the different river basins in the Iberian Peninsula (IP), a region that is especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change. For this purpose, regional climate change projections of precipitation and temperature were analyzed by means of the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at a seasonal scale. These projections were achieved with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which was driven by the MPI-ESM-LR global climate model (GCM). MPI-ESM-LR was previously corrected in bias to simulate the climate in the IP for the period 1979 to 2100 under two emission scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5.Overall, the results indicated that the anthropogenic climate change signal is likely to emerge over the twenty-first century, at least for temperature, with this signal being stronger under the RCP8.5 scenario during autumn and summer. Under this same scenario, precipitation shows a stronger signal in summer and spring. Determining how the anthropogenic change signal will evolve and when it will emerge is critical; as a result, these findings can assist decision makers in developing appropriate adaptation and mitigation policies to climate change.Este estudio ha sido financiado por FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades (proyecto P20_00035), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (proyecto LifeWatch-2019-10-UGR-01), FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento (proyecto B-RNM-336-UGR18), y Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (proyecto CGL2017-89836-R)

Vertico. IV. Environmental effects on the gas distribution and star formation efficiency of virgo cluster spirals

We measure the molecular-to-atomic gas ratio, R mol, and the star formation rate (SFR) per unit molecular gas mass, SFEmol, in 38 nearby galaxies selected from the Virgo Environment Traced in CO (VERTICO) survey. We stack ALMA 12CO (J = 2−1) spectra coherently using H i velocities from the VIVA survey to detect faint CO emission out to galactocentric radii r gal ∼ 1.2 r 25. We determine the scale lengths for the molecular and stellar components, finding a ∼3:5 relation compared to ∼1:1 in field galaxies, indicating that the CO emission is more centrally concentrated than the stars. We compute R mol as a function of different physical quantities. While the spatially resolved R mol on average decreases with increasing radius, we find that the mean molecular-to-atomic gas ratio within the stellar effective radius R e , R mol(r < R e ), shows a systematic increase with the level of H i, truncation and/or asymmetry (HI perturbation). Analysis of the molecular- and the atomic-to-stellar mass ratios within R e , R⋆mol(

VERTICO VI: Cold-gas asymmetries in Virgo cluster galaxies

We analyse cold-gas distributions in Virgo cluster galaxies using resolved observations of CO(2-1), which traces molecular hydrogen (H2), and H 

VERTICO III. The Kennicutt-Schmidt relation in Virgo cluster galaxies

Aims. In this Virgo Environment Traced in CO (VERTICO) science paper, we aim to study how the star formation process depends on the galactic environment and gravitational interactions in the context of galaxy evolution. We explore the scaling relation between the star formation rate surface density (ΣSFR) and the molecular gas surface density (Σmol), also known as the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, in a subsample of Virgo cluster spiral galaxies. Methods. We used new Atacama Compact Array and Total Power (ACA+TP) observations from the VERTICO-Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Large Program at 720 pc resolution to resolve the molecular gas content, as traced by the 12CO (2 − 1) transition, across the disks of 37 spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster. In combination with archival UV and IR observations used to determine the star formation rate (SFR), we estimated the parameters of the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relation for the entire ensemble of galaxies, and within individual galaxies. Results. We find the KS slope for the entire population to be N = 0.97 ± 0.07, with a characteristic molecular gas depletion time of 1.86 Gyr for our full sample, which is in agreement with previous work in isolated, nearby star-forming galaxies. In individual galaxies, we find that the KS slope ranges between 0.69 and 1.40, and that typical star formation efficiencies of molecular gas can vary from galaxy to galaxy by a factor of ∼4. These galaxy-to-galaxy variations account for ∼0.20 dex in scatter in the ensemble KS relation, which is characterized by a 0.42 dex scatter. In addition, we find that the HI-deficient galaxies in the Virgo cluster show a steeper resolved KS relation and lower molecular gas efficiencies than HI-normal cluster galaxies. Conclusions. While the molecular gas content in galaxies residing in the Virgo cluster appears – to first order – to behave similarly to that in isolated galaxies, our VERTICO sample of galaxies shows that cluster environments play a key role in regulating star formation. The environmental mechanisms affecting the HI galaxy content also have a direct impact on the star formation efficiency of molecular gas in cluster galaxies, leading to longer depletion times in HI-deficient members