Differentiated perceived training and match loads assessment in a professional soccer team

171 p.Esta tesis está enfocada a la evaluación de la carga interna de entrenamiento y partido en un equipo defútbol profesional. En el capítulo inicial se presentan los estudios científicos que han investigado sobrelas demandas físico-fisiológicas del partido y el entrenamiento en el fútbol profesional. En el segundocapítulo, se exponen los objetivos de la tesis doctoral. En el tercer capítulo se muestran los cuatroestudios desarrollados para esta tesis doctoral. El primer estudio, titulado ¿Influence of match playingtime and the length of the between-match microcycle in Spanish professional soccer players¿ perceivedtraining load¿, analiza la carga semanal acumulada atendiendo a la participación de los jugadores en elpartido y a la longitud de los microciclos semanales. El segundo estudio, titulado ¿Are acceleration andcardiovascular capacities related to perceived load in professional soccer players?¿, analiza lacondición física inicial de los futbolistas y su relación con la carga percibida de entrenamiento y partidoal comienzo de la temporada. El tercer estudio, titulado ¿Differentiated perceived match load and itsvariability according to playing position in professional soccer players during an entire season¿, valorala carga percibida por el jugador y su variabilidad en función de la posición que ocupa en el terreno dejuego durante el partido. Por último el cuarto estudio, titulado ¿Variability of professional soccer players¿perceived match load after sucesive matches¿, estudia la carga percibida de partido atendiendo a laparticipación del jugador en varios partidos dentro de la misma semana y al tiempo de participación encada uno de ellos. En el cuarto capítulo se presentan las conclusiones generales de la tesis doctoral.Además, en los capítulos quinto, sexto y séptimo se exponen las aplicaciones prácticas, las limitaciones ylas futuras líneas de investigación. Por último, en el octavo capítulo, denominado ¿Attachments¿, sepresentan los artículos publicados en las revistas de investigación y que forman parte de la tesis en elformato solicitado por las editoriales y su correspondiente índice de calidad. Además, se presentan demanera resumida varias publicaciones científicas adyacentes a la tesis, comunicaciones orales y posterspresentados en congresos y jornadas nacionales e internacionales relacionados con la tesis doctoral en lasque el doctorando ha participado. Por último, se informa sobre aspectos relevantes en la formaciónpredoctoral realizada por el doctorando

Genetic diversity, origin and conservation of the sclerophyllous species of genus Quercus in the Balearic Islands

The study of the distribution of evergreen Quercus species (Q. ilex L. -holm oak-, Q. coccifera L. -kermes oak- and Q. suber L. -cork oak-) from the Balearic Islands and the using of chloroplast DNA molecular markers have allow the discussion about the origin of their populations and their affinities with those from other surrounding regions. The singularity of some haplotipos has favoured the identification of the areas and populations of greater interest for the application of strategies of conservation of the forest resources. The Balearic Islands are a reservoir of genetic diversity, containing Tyrrhenian and Iberian elements. Priorities for conservation should be focused on the maintenance of the peculiar populations that are fragmented or that show a low effective population size

Gender Inequalities in Publications about COVID-19 in Spain: Authorship and Sex-Disaggregated Data

Gender inequalities in biomedical literature have been widely reported in authorship as well as the scarcity of results that are stratified by sex in the studies. We conducted a bibliometric review of articles on COVID-19 published in the main Spanish medical journals between April 2020 and May 2021. The purpose of this study was to analyse differences in authorship order and composition by sex and their evolution over time, as well as the frequency of sex-disaggregated empirical results and its relationship with the author sex in articles on COVID-19 in the main Spanish biomedical journals. We identified 914 articles and 4921 authors, 57.5% men and 42.5% women. Women accounted for 36.7% of first authors and for 33.7% of last authors. Monthly variation in authorship over the course of the pandemic indicates that women were always less likely to publish as first authors. Only 1.0% of the articles broke down empirical results by sex. Disaggregation of results by sex was significantly more frequent when women were first authors and when women were the majority in the authorship. It is important to make gender inequalities visible in scientific dissemination and to promote gender-sensitive research, which can help to reduce gender bias in clinical studies as well as to design public policies for post-pandemic recovery that are more gender-equitable

México y el exilio español (1939-1950)

La historia reciente de México no puede separarse del exilio español de 1939, ni viceversa. No en vano, ese país fue el mayor receptor mundial de españoles por detrás de Francia; si bien es cierto que la importancia de los intelectuales, científicos, artistas y profesionales recalados en México fue porcentualmente mucho mayor que en el caso galo, de ahí que la bibliografía haya mantenido un foco muy intenso sobre este aspecto. Sin olvidarnos del papel que jugaron estas personas en la sociedad mexicana, que fue indudablemente muy importante, en el presente trabajo nos situaremos desde un punto de vista más global, analizando el contexto histórico que permitió que este éxodo masivo se produjera de la forma en que lo hizo, así como observando muy de cerca la realidad de los exiliados antes de llegar a México, destacando sobremanera su estancia en el sur de Francia, donde cientos de miles fueron confinados en campos de refugiados en condiciones, por lo general, muy deficientes. Por otro lado, especial atención merece lo que podemos considerar la génesis de la participación mexicana en todo este proceso, esto es, el compromiso del presidente Lázaro Cárdenas para con la causa republicana desde el mismo comienzo de la Guerra Civil, siendo su gobierno el único junto con el de la Unión Soviética que ayudó de forma activa al bando republicano —tal y como hiciera el Eje Roma-Berlín en beneficio de los sublevados—. Pero, sin duda, el mayor soporte que llevó a cabo México fue el relativo a los refugiados españoles, destacando el papel de sus diplomáticos en Francia, fundamentales en el proceso por el que comenzaron a trasladarse españoles al país azteca de forma colectiva desde 1937; una dinámica que se sostuvo, aunque de forma desigual, al menos hasta 1950. Para desgracia de aquellas personas, la pervivencia del régimen franquista supuso que lo que se creía que iba a ser un exilio temporal se convirtiera, en muchos de los casos, en uno definitivo. Así, el paso del tiempo haría inevitable su arraigo en tierras mexicanas, si bien el proceso no fue sencillo, a pesar de las facilidades. Las raíces, en cualquier caso, no se olvidarían

Exploring multivalent carbohydrate–protein interactions by NMR

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has been widely employed to assess diverse features of glycan–protein molecular recognition events. Different types of qualitative and quantitative information at different degrees of resolution and complexity can be extracted from the proper application of the available NMR-techniques. In fact, affinity, structural, kinetic, conformational, and dynamic characteristics of the binding process are available. Nevertheless, except in particular cases, the affinity of lectin-sugar interactions is weak, mostly at the low mM range. This feature is overcome in biological processes by using multivalency, thus augmenting the strength of the binding. However, the application of NMR methods to monitor multivalent lectin–glycan interactions is intrinsically challenging. It is well known that when large macromolecular complexes are formed, the NMR signals disappear from the NMR spectrum, due to the existence of fast transverse relaxation, related to the large size and exchange features. Indeed, at the heart of the molecular recognition event, the associated free-bound chemical exchange process for both partners takes place in a particular timescale. Thus, these factors have to be considered and overcome. In this review article, we have distinguished, in a subjective manner, the existence of multivalent presentations in the glycan or in the lectin. From the glycan perspective, we have also considered whether multiple epitopes of a given ligand are presented in the same linear chain of a saccharide (i.e., poly-LacNAc oligosaccharides) or decorating different arms of a multiantennae scaffold, either natural (as in multiantennae N-glycans) or synthetic (of dendrimer or polymer nature). From the lectin perspective, the presence of an individual binding site at every monomer of a multimeric lectin may also have key consequences for the binding event at different levels of complexity.We thank generous funding by the European Research Council (RECGLYCANMR, Advanced Grant No. 788143), the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain) for grant PDI2021-1237810B-C21, and CIBERES, an initiative of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. We also thank Marie-Skłodowska-Curie actions (TN BactiVax, under grant agreement No. 860325)

Specific Electronic Platform to Test the Influence of Hypervisors on the Performance of Embedded Systems

[EN] Some complex digital circuits must host various operating systems in a single electronic platform to make real-time and not-real-time tasks compatible or assign different priorities to current applications. For this purpose, some hardware–software techniques—called virtualization—must be integrated to run the operating systems independently, as isolated in different processors: virtual machines. These are monitored and managed by a software tool named hypervisor, which is in charge of allowing each operating system to take control of the hardware resources. Therefore, the hypervisor determines the effectiveness of the system when reacting to events. To measure, estimate or compare the performance of different ways to configure the virtualization, our research team has designed and implemented a specific testbench: an electronic system, based on a complex System on Chip with a processing system and programmable logic, to configure the hardware–software partition and show merit figures, to evaluate the performance of the different options, a field that has received insufficient attention so far. In this way, the fabric of the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) can be exploited for measurements and instrumentation. The platform has been validated with two hypervisors, Xen and Jailhouse, in a multiprocessor System-on-Chip, by executing real-time operating systems and application programs in different contexts.This work has been supported by the Basque Government within the project HAZITEK ZE-2020/00022 as well as the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain through the Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CDTI) within the project IDI-20201264 and FEDER fund

Evaluating Latency in Multiprocessing Embedded Systems for the Smart Grid

Smart grid endpoints need to use two environments within a processing system (PS), one with a Linux-type operating system (OS) using the Arm Cortex-A53 cores for management tasks, and the other with a standalone execution or a real-time OS using the Arm Cortex-R5 cores. The Xen hypervisor and the OpenAMP framework allow this, but they may introduce a delay in the system, and some messages in the smart grid need a latency lower than 3 ms. In this paper, the Linux thread latencies are characterized by the Cyclictest tool. It is shown that when Xen hypervisor is used, this scenario is not suitable for the smart grid as it does not meet the 3 ms timing constraint. Then, standalone execution as the real-time part is evaluated, measuring the delay to handle an interrupt created in programmable logic (PL). The standalone application was run in A53 and R5 cores, with Xen hypervisor and OpenAMP framework. These scenarios all met the 3 ms constraint. The main contribution of the present work is the detailed characterization of each real-time execution, in order to facilitate selecting the most suitable one for each application.This work has been supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain within the project TEC2017-84011-R and FEDER funds as well as by the Department of Education of the Basque Government within the fund for research groups of the Basque university system IT978-16. It has also been supported by the Basque Government within the project HAZITEK ZE-2020/00022 as well as the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain through the Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CDTI) within the project IDI-20201264; in both cases, they have been financed through the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014-2020 (FEDER funds). It has also been supported by the University of the Basque Country within the scholarship for training of research staff with code PIF20/135

A Fixed-Latency Architecture to Secure GOOSE and Sampled Value Messages in Substation Systems

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62351-6 standard specifies the security mechanisms to protect real-time communications based on IEC 61850. Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) and Sampled Value (SV) messages must be generated, transmitted and processed in less than 3 ms, which challenges the introduction of IEC 62351-6. After evaluating the security threats to IEC 61850 communications and the state of the art in GOOSE and SV security, this work presents a novel architecture based on wire-speed processing able to provide message authentication and confidentiality. This architecture has been implemented and tested to evaluate its performance, resource usage, and the latency introduced. Other proposals in the scientific literature do not support real-time traffic, so they are not suitable for GOOSE and SV messages. Whereas the others exceed the target latency of 3 ms or do not comply with the standards, our design authenticates and encrypts real-time IEC 61850 data in less than 7 mu s-predictable latency-, and complies with IEC 62351:2020.This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain under Project TEC2017-84011-R, in part by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) Funds through the Doctorados Industriales program under Grant DI-15-07857, and in part by the Department of Education, Linguistic Policy and Culture of the Basque Government through the Fund for Research Groups of the Basque University System under Grant IT978-16

Encryption AXI Transaction Core for Enhanced FPGA Security

The current hot topic in cyber-security is not constrained to software layers. As attacks on electronic circuits have become more usual and dangerous, hardening digital System-on-Chips has become crucial. This article presents a novel electronic core to encrypt and decrypt data between two digital modules through an Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) connection. The core is compatible with AXI and is based on a Trivium stream cipher. Its implementation has been tested on a Zynq platform. The core prevents unauthorized data extraction by encrypting data on the fly. In addition, it takes up a small area—242 LUTs—and, as the core’s AXI to AXI path is fully combinational, it does not interfere with the system’s overall performance, with a maximum AXI clock frequency of 175 MHz.This work has been supported within the fund for research groups of the Basque university system IT1440-22 by the Department of Education and within the PILAR ZE-2020/00022 and COMMUTE ZE-2021/00931 projects by the Hazitek program, both of the Basque Government, the latter also by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain through the Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CDTI) within the project IDI-20201264 and IDI-20220543 and through the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014–2020 (FEDER funds)