Beggars Can\u27t Be Voters: Why Washington\u27s Felon Re-Enfranchisement Law Violates the Equal Protection Clause

The Washington State Constitution denies persons convicted of felonies the right to vote until their civil rights have been restored. Civil rights are restored when offenders complete all aspects of their sentence, including paying the legal-financial obligations imposed at sentencing. Payment of legal-financial obligations presents a significant hurdle to offenders trying to reclaim their right to vote. According to the Washington Department of Corrections, roughly 46,500 offenders in Washington have not had their right to vote restored solely because of unpaid legal-financial obligations. The right to vote is a fundamental right secured by the United States Constitution, yet the United States Supreme Court has affirmed that states have the right, under the Fourteenth Amendment, to disenfranchise persons convicted of crimes. While the constitutional requirements of felon disenfranchisement are settled, the requirements of felon re-enfranchisement are an open question. This Comment argues that felon re-enfranchisement laws must not discriminate in ways that violate the traditional voting rights requirements of the Equal Protection Clause. As one requirement, the U.S. Supreme Court has held that states cannot require the payment of money as a qualification for voting. Therefore, Washington\u27s requirement that offenders pay their legal-financial obligations before re-enfranchisement violates the Equal Protection Clause because it conditions the fundamental right to vote on the payment of money to the state

Impact of child nutrition programs offered in schools on daily nutrition and dietary quality

The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311

Dual X-ray absorptiometry has limited utility in detecting bone pathology in children with hypophosphatasia: A pooled post hoc analysis of asfotase alfa clinical trial data

Asfotase alfa is an enzyme replacement therapy approved for treatment of patients with pediatric-onset hypophosphatasia (HPP), a rare, inherited, systemic disease causing impaired skeletal mineralization, short stature, and reduced physical function in children. The role of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the assessment of children with HPP has been insufficiently explored. This post hoc analysis included pooled DXA data from 2 open-label, multicenter studies in 19 children with HPP. The study population was aged ≥5 to <18 years and had received asfotase alfa for ≤6.6 years at enrollment (male: 79%; median age at enrollment: 10.4 y [range: 5.9–16.7]; treatment duration: 6.3 y [range: 0.1–6.6]. Baseline height Z-scores indicated short stature (median [min, max]: −1.26 [−6.6, 0]); mean [SD]: −2.30 [1.97]), thus requiring height adjustment of DXA Z-scores. At Baseline, few patients had height-adjusted bone mineral density (BMDht) Z-scores of −2 or less for whole body (n = 3) or lumbar spine (n = 5). In treated patients, mean whole body and lumbar spine BMDht Z-scores did not change over time, but whole body and lumbar spine height- adjusted bone mineral content (BMCht) Z-scores increased significantly from Baseline to Last Assessment (P ≤ 0.0056). Improvements in Radiographic Global Impression of Change (RGI-C) scale scores correlated significantly with increases in whole body and lumbar spine BMCht Z-scores (P < 0.05) but not BMDht Z-Scores. Improvements in Rickets Severity Score (RSS) correlated significantly with increases in lumbar spine BMDht Z-scores and whole body BMCht Z-scores (P < 0.05). No significant correlations were observed between any DXA and bone histomorphometry measure. These findings suggest that DXA BMD Z-scores, which are commonly used in clinical practice, have limited utility in assessing deficient bone mineralization in patients with HPP. Although BMCht Z-scores increased significantly over time with asfotase alfa therapy, the lack of significant changes in more than one DXA parameter suggests that this tool may not be useful in everyday clinical practice. Furthermore, the use of BMC as an independent metric is not typical or recommended by guidelines. Complementary measures, such as skeletal radiographs supplemented with age-appropriate functional assessments, should be considered.This work was supported by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, MA, USA

Incentivizing Information Literacy Integration: A Case Study on Faculty–Librarian Collaboration

Frequently, information literacy instruction takes the form of a one-shot library session with minimal collaboration between librarians and teaching faculty. To offer an alternative to this model, librarians implemented the Information Literacy Mini-Grant; an incentivized program inviting teaching faculty to collaborate with librarians to redesign an assignment to integrate information literacy into their course. Following the semester-long collaboration, teaching faculty provided written feedback and participated in a panel discussion to share their experiences with the program. This case study examines teaching faculty’s perceptions of collaborating with librarians in the pilot year of the program. Teaching faculty’s feedback provided insights into their perceptions of librarians, their thoughts regarding librarians’ unique expertise as pedagogical partners, and the challenges of collaborations. This case study considers the successes and challenges of the program and provides recommendations for future faculty-librarian collaborations that position librarians as partners in student learning

Sleep in children with type 1 diabetes and their parents in the T1D Exchange

Objectives Sleep has physiological and behavioral impacts on diabetes outcomes, yet little is known about the impact of sleep disturbances in children with type 1 diabetes. The current study sought to characterize sleep in children with type 1 diabetes and in their parents and to examine the associations between child sleep, glycemic control and adherence, parent sleep and well-being, parental fear of hypoglycemia, and nocturnal caregiving behavior. Methods Surveys were emailed to parents of 2- to 12-year-old participants in the Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) Exchange clinic registry. Clinical data were obtained from the registry for the 515 respondents. Results In our sample, 67% of children met criteria for poor sleep quality. Child sleep quality was related to glycemic control (HbA1c of 7.9% [63 mmol/mol] in children with poor sleep quality vs 7.6% [60 mmol/mol] in children with non-poor sleep quality; P < 0.001) but not mean frequency of blood glucose monitoring (BGM) (7.6 times/day vs 7.4 in poor/non-poor quality; P = 0.56). Associations were similar for sleep duration. Children with poor sleep quality were more likely to experience severe hypoglycemia (4% in children with poor sleep quality vs 1% in children with non-poor sleep quality; P = 0.05) and more likely to experience DKA (7% vs 4%, respectively; P < 0.001). Poorer child sleep quality was associated with poorer parental sleep quality, parental well-being, and fear of hypoglycemia (P < 0.001 for all). Child sleep was not related to the use of diabetes-related technology (CGM, insulin pump). Conclusions Sleep may be a modifiable factor to improve glycemic control and reduce parental distress

Reflection and Remembrance: Oral histories and critical thinking

The research assignment for this class was to interview someone who lived through World War II. The interviewee could be someone who served in the military service, someone on the home front or even a child-anyone who was touched by the experience of World War II

Increased circulating IL-8 is associated with reduced IGF-1 and related to poor metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

A dysregulated growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis is well-recognized in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Decreased IGF-1 levels can also be found in chronic inflammatory diseases, while hyperglycemia promotes inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, inflammatory cytokines may link poor metabolic control with GH/IGF-1 axis changes. This study examined the relationship between serum inflammatory cytokines and IGF-1 in adolescents (age 13–18) with TIDM in chronic poor (n=17) or favorable (n=19) glucose control. Poor control (PC) was defined as ≥ 3, consistent HbA1C > 9% during the previous 2 years, while favorable control (FC) was consistent levels of HbA1C < 9%

Germany and the United States: Reliable Allies. But Disagreement on Russia, Global Leadership and Trade

This Pew Research Center report, in association with Bertelsmann Foundation, examines American and German attitudes toward each other and their respective geopolitical roles. This report is based on telephone surveys in the United States and Germany. In the U.S., interviews were conducted February 26 to March 1, 2015 among a national sample of 1,003 persons, 18 years of age or older. In Germany, interviews were conducted February 24-25, 2015 among a national sample of 963 persons, 18 years of age or older. For more details, see survey methods and topline results

Analysis of tumor template from multiple compartments in a blood sample provides complementary access to peripheral tumor biomarkers.

Targeted cancer therapeutics are promised to have a major impact on cancer treatment and survival. Successful application of these novel treatments requires a molecular definition of a patient\u27s disease typically achieved through the use of tissue biopsies. Alternatively, allowing longitudinal monitoring, biomarkers derived from blood, isolated either from circulating tumor cell derived DNA (ctcDNA) or circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ccfDNA) may be evaluated. In order to use blood derived templates for mutational profiling in clinical decisions, it is essential to understand the different template qualities and how they compare to biopsy derived template DNA as both blood-based templates are rare and distinct from the gold-standard. Using a next generation re-sequencing strategy, concordance of the mutational spectrum was evaluated in 32 patient-matched ctcDNA and ccfDNA templates with comparison to tissue biopsy derived DNA template. Different CTC antibody capture systems for DNA isolation from patient blood samples were also compared. Significant overlap was observed between ctcDNA, ccfDNA and tissue derived templates. Interestingly, if the results of ctcDNA and ccfDNA template sequencing were combined, productive samples showed similar detection frequency (56% vs 58%), were temporally flexible, and were complementary both to each other and the gold standard. These observations justify the use of a multiple template approach to the liquid biopsy, where germline, ctcDNA, and ccfDNA templates are employed for clinical diagnostic purposes and open a path to comprehensive blood derived biomarker access