Temporal evolution of long-lived magmatic systems: the Chachani volcano complex, south of Perù

The Chachani Volcanic Complex (CVC) is an extensive (~289±10 km3) assemblage of spatially, temporally and genetically related major and minor eruptive centers. The c. 1.2 Myr-long activity suggests that the CVC is a long-lived volcanic system characterized by semi-persistent activity and short periods of quiescence. The stratigraphy, Ar/Ar and U/Pb chronology, spatial distribution along lineaments, and the degree of landform preservation help distinguish two groups of edifices in the CVC. The ‘old’ edifice group is characterized by large stratovolcanoes and small dome coulees. This group has been built between

Correlation of ignimbrites using characteristic remanent magnetization and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Central Andes, Bolivia

Large ignimbrite flare-ups provide records of profound crustal modification during batholith formation at depth. The locations of source calderas and volumes and ages of the eruptions must be determined to develop models for the tectonomagmatic processes that occur during these events. Although high-precision isotopic ages of the ignimbrites are critical, less expensive and more rapid techniques, such as paleomagnetism, can extend the temporal information from dated outcrops. Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data, including characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), from the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes reliably identify calderas and eight associated Mio-Pliocene ignimbrites. ChRM results indicate a larger between-site error for most ignimbrites, in comparison to within-site scatter. Part of this dispersion may be due to tumescence/detumescence associated with the caldera-forming eruptions, but most of the effect is probably due to the recording of paleosecular variation during cooling and vapor-phase crystallization of the thick ignimbrites. AMS data identify the source calderas for four ignimbrites and provide limits on possible post-emplacement rotations of the deposits. AMS data indicate significant topographic control on inferred flow directions, implying that the flows were dense and/or of low mobility

Astronomical and Tectonic Influences on Climate and Deposition Revealed Through Radioisotopic Geochronology and Bayesian Age-Depth Modeling of the Early Eocene Green River Formation, Wyoming, USA

The Wilkins Peak Member (WPM) of the Green River Formation in Wyoming, USA, comprises alternating lacustrine and alluvial strata that preserve a record of terrestrial climate during the early Eocene climatic optimum. We use a Bayesian framework to develop age-depth models for three sites, based on new 40Ar/39Ar sanidine and 206Pb/238U zircon ages from seven tuffs. The new models provide two- to ten-fold increases in temporal resolution compared to previous radioisotopic age models, confirming eccentricity-scale pacing of WPM facies, and permitting their direct comparison to astronomical solutions. Starting at ca. 51 Ma, the median ages for basin-wide flooding surfaces atop six successive alluvial marker beds coincide with short eccentricity maxima in the astronomical solutions. These eccentricity maxima have been associated with hyperthermal events recorded in marine strata during the early Eocene. WPM strata older than ca. 51 Ma do not exhibit a clear relationship to the eccentricity solutions, but accumulated 31%–35% more rapidly, suggesting that the influence of astronomical forcing on sedimentation was modulated by basin tectonics. Additional high-precision radioisotopic ages are needed to reduce the uncertainty of the Bayesian model, but this approach shows promise for unambiguous evaluation of the phase relationship between alluvial marker beds and theoretical eccentricity solutions

Evolution of a long-lived volcanic complex: the Chachani case study (south Peru)

The study of numerous individual volcanoes carried out in the Central Andean Volcanic Zone over the past 20 years has provided information to better understand active volcanism in the Peruvian Andes. However, large-sized, dormant volcanic complexes remain much less understood due to their complexity or because the impact of individual active volcanoes on populated areas has led researchers to prioritize their study on the most recent composite cones. Large, long-lived volcanic complexes have not yet been considered in volcanological studies in Peru, although they belie a rich history of eruptive activity that may be more recent than previously thought. The Chachani Volcanic Complex (CVC) is one of the few Andean volcanic complexes in which the relationships between stratigraphy, chronology and compositional changes are considered to understand the compositional evolution of a long-lived magmatic system

Cronoestratigrafía del volcanismo con énfasis en ignimbritas desde hace 25 Ma en el SO del Perú – Implicaciones para la evolución de los Andes centrales

El sur del Perú representa el segundo campo ignimbrítico de los Andes con un área que sobrepasa los 25 000 km2 y volúmenes de casi 5000 km3. Se prresenta la extensión, la estratigrafía y la cronología de 12 ignimbritas que afloran en el área de los cañones profundos de los Ríos Ocoña–Cotahuasi–Marán y Colca (OCMC). La cronología de las ignimbritas a lo largo de los últimos 25 Myr está basada en 74 dataciones 40Ar/39Ar and U/Pb. Antes de 9 Ma, ocho ignimbritas con gran volumen fueron producidas cada 2.4 Myr. Después de 9 Ma, el periodo de reposo entre cada ignimbrita de volumen pequeño a moderado ha disminuido hasta 0.85 Myr. Esta cronología de las ignimbritas y de las lavas del Neógeno y Cuaternario ayuda a revisar la nomenclatura de las formaciones volcánicas utilizadas para la Carta Geológica Nacional. Además las unidades volcánicas identificadas son herramientas para reconstruir la evolución geológica del flanco occidental de los Andes Centrales durante su levantamiento desde hace 25 Ma. Junto con la cronoestratigrafía de estas unidades, datos geomorfológicos obtenidos en las cuencas y sobre otros depósitos de los cañones OCMC ayudan a precisar la historia de la incisión del flanco occidental de los Andes Centrales desde hace 25 Ma. Finalmente la cronología de depósitos de avalancha de escombros y de terrazas rocosas basada en cosmogénicos (Be10) permite precisar la evolución de los cañones durante el Pleistoceno y el Holoceno

Water Exchange Rate across the Blood-Brain Barrier Is Associated with CSF Amyloid-β 42 in Healthy Older Adults

INTRODUCTION: We tested if water exchange across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), estimated with a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, is associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) and neuropsychological function. METHODS: Forty cognitively normal older adults (67–86 years old) were scanned with diffusion‐prepared, arterial spin labeling (DP‐ASL), which estimates water exchange rate across the BBB (kw). Participants also underwent CSF draw and neuropsychological testing. Multiple linear regression models were run with kw as a predictor of CSF concentrations and neuropsychological scores. RESULTS: In multiple brain regions, BBB kw was positively associated with CSF amyloid beta (Aβ)42 concentration levels. BBB kw was only moderately associated with neuropsychological performance. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that low water exchange rate across the BBB is associated with low CSF Aβ42 concentration. These findings suggest that kw may be a promising noninvasive indicator of BBB Aβ clearance functions, a possibility which should be further tested in future research

Building Arc Crust: Plutonic to Volcanic Connections in an Extensional Oceanic Arc, the Southern Alisitos Arc, Baja California

The ~50 km long Rosario segment of the Cretaceous Alisitos oceanic arc terrane provides undeformed three-dimensional exposures of the upper 7 km of an oceanic extensional arc, where crustal generation processes are recorded in both the volcanic and underlying plutonic rocks. These exceptional exposures allow for the study of the physical and chemical links between the rock units and help constrain the differentiation processes active during the growth and evolution of arc crust. This study focuses on the southern third of the Rosario segment, previously referred to as the southern volcano-bounded basin, and its plutonic underpinnings. Upper crustal rocks in the Rosario segment consist of a 3–5 km thick volcanic–volcaniclastic section with hypabyssal intrusions. Plutons intrude these units at various levels along-strike, but at each intrusive contact the transition is complete over a distance of \u3c150 \u3em, where stoped volcanic blocks are present. There is striking compositional overlap in whole-rock and mineral chemistry between the plutonic and volcanic units, suggesting a comagmatic source. Whole-rock geochemistry shows coherent trends in major and trace elements in mafic to intermediate compositions, but less coherent trends above 63 wt % SiO2. Units are predominantly low-K with flat rare earth element patterns, and show large ion lithophile element enrichment and high field strength element depletion. Initial Nd and Pb isotope ratios overlap for all units and imply no cratonic continental involvement. This agrees with low Sr/Y ratios of all rock types, indicative of thin, immature oceanic arc crust. Modeling results show that closed-system fractional crystallization drove crustal differentiation from mafic to intermediate compositions, but open-system processes likely occurred to produce some of the felsic compositions. Differentiation occurred in a two-step fractionation process. Step 1, from basaltic andesite to andesite, fractionated an anhydrous gabbroic cumulate (~40% crystallization). Step 2, from andesite to rhyolite, fractionated a hydrous amphibole cumulate (~65% crystallization, total), which is similar to what fluid dynamical models suggest for production of rhyolite (between 50 – 70% crystallization). Our results can be used as a reference model for differentiation processes relating to the growth of the middle and upper crust within active extensional arc systems. The Rosario segment plutonic rocks may be analogous to the low-velocity zone (Vp = 6.0–6.5 km s–1) imaged within the extensional Izu–Bonin arc. The chemistry of the plutonic and volcanic rocks is most similar to those of volcanic rocks in the Izu–Bonin active rift

Implicancias de los sistemas de fallas regionales en el magmatismo del sur del Perú: estratigrafía del Complejo Volcánico Chachani

La mayoría de los arcos magmáticos continentales ocurren en contextos convergentes oblicuos y muestran movimientos de rumbo dentro del arco magmático o adyacentes a estos (Saint Blanquat et al., 1998). El volcanismo tiende a estar asociado con ambientes transtensionales porque estos ofrecen zonas con menor resistencia como fracturas subverticales o fallas por las cuales el magma sale hacia la superficie (Acocella et al., 1999). El complejo volcánico Chachani, ubicado a 22 km aprox. al NNE de la ciudad de Arequipa (del centro de la ciudad a la cumbre del complejo); es uno de los más grandes centros eruptivos de la Zona Volcánica de los Andes Centrales (ZVC) en el Sur del Perú, la cual está relacionada al proceso de subducción. El Chachani es un conjunto de domos y estrato volcanes de composición andesítica principalmente (Suaña, 2011) y tiene como basamento a depósitos de flujos piroclásticos y depósitos volcanoclásticos atribuidos a unidades conocidas como Tufo de Yura, Ignimbrita del Aeropuerto e Ignimbrita del Rió Chili (Paquereau et al., 2006, 2008). Tiene aproximadamente un área de 526.6 Km2 y un volumen 864 Km3

White Matter Hyperintensity Regression: Comparison of Brain Atrophy and Cognitive Profiles with Progression and Stable Groups

Subcortical white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in the aging population frequently represent vascular injury that may lead to cognitive impairment. WMH progression is well described, but the factors underlying WMH regression remain poorly understood. A sample of 351 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2 (ADNI2) was explored who had WMH volumetric quantification, structural brain measures, and cognitive measures (memory and executive function) at baseline and after approximately 2 years. Selected participants were categorized into three groups based on WMH change over time, including those that demonstrated regression (n = 96; 25.5%), stability (n = 72; 19.1%), and progression (n = 209; 55.4%). There were no significant differences in age, education, sex, or cognitive status between groups. Analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences in atrophy between the progression and both regression (p = 0.004) and stable groups (p = 0.012). Memory assessments improved over time in the regression and stable groups but declined in the progression group (p = 0.003; p = 0.018). WMH regression is associated with decreased brain atrophy and improvement in memory performance over two years compared to those with WMH progression, in whom memory and brain atrophy worsened. These data suggest that WMHs are dynamic and associated with changes in atrophy and cognition

100 Ma sweat bee nests: Early and rapid codiversification of crown bees and flowering plants

100 Ma sweat bee nests reported herein are the oldest evidence of crown bees. A new phylogeny for short-tongued bees, calibrated with these nests dated with 40Ar/39Ar, attests for the first time for a late Albian rapid diversification of bees along with angiosperms. Such hypothesis lacked paleontological support until this study. The new ichnospecies Cellicalichnus krausei, which was found along with wasp trace fossils and new beetle trace fossils in the Castillo Formation of Patagonia, represents typical Halictini nests composed of sessile cells that are attached to main tunnels. According to geological, paleosol, paleobotanical, and ichnological data, bees, and angiosperms cohabited in an inland and dry environment comparable to an open dry woodland or savanna, under warm-temperate and semiarid-subhumid climate, in the Southern Hemisphere by the Albian.Fil: Genise, Jorge Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Bellosi, Eduardo Sergio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Sarzetti, Laura Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Krause, Javier Marcelo. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Dinghi, Pablo Adrián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Grupo de Investigación en Filogeografía y Filogenias Moleculares; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez, María Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Umazano, Aldo Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Puerta, Pablo. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; ArgentinaFil: Cantil, Liliana Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Jicha, Brian R.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unido