Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8–14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8–71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0–27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3–27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3–23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4–87.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1–83.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1–60.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally.publishedVersio

Children’s and adolescents’ rising animal-source food intakes in 1990–2018 were impacted by age, region, parental education and urbanicity

Animal-source foods (ASF) provide nutrition for children and adolescents’ physical and cognitive development. Here, we use data from the Global Dietary Database and Bayesian hierarchical models to quantify global, regional and national ASF intakes between 1990 and 2018 by age group across 185 countries, representing 93% of the world’s child population. Mean ASF intake was 1.9 servings per day, representing 16% of children consuming at least three daily servings. Intake was similar between boys and girls, but higher among urban children with educated parents. Consumption varied by age from 0.6 at <1 year to 2.5 servings per day at 15–19 years. Between 1990 and 2018, mean ASF intake increased by 0.5 servings per week, with increases in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. In 2018, total ASF consumption was highest in Russia, Brazil, Mexico and Turkey, and lowest in Uganda, India, Kenya and Bangladesh. These findings can inform policy to address malnutrition through targeted ASF consumption programmes.publishedVersio

Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO

Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before (pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30$M_{\odot}$ for the case of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert, can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

A novel pressure transient analysis model for fracturing wells in fracture–cavity carbonate reservoirs

Abstract Large-scale karst caves are the principal storage spaces for hydrocarbon resources in fracture–cavity carbonate reservoirs. Drilling directly into these caves is considered the ideal mode of development, but many wells do not effectively penetrate karst caves. Therefore, acid fracturing is employed to generate artificial fractures that can connect with these caves. However, there are no appropriate well test methods for fracturing wells in fracture–cavity reservoirs. This study establishes a novel pressure transient analysis model for such wells. A new mathematical model is proposed that couples linear flow in acid fracturing cracks with radial flow in the oil drainage area. The Laplace transform and Stehfest numerical inversion provided analytical solutions for the bottomhole pressure. Typical log–log well testing curves were plotted to analyze oil flow, which occurs in ten stages. During the flow stage in fracturing cracks, the pressure and pressure derivative curves are parallel lines with a slope of 0.5. In the stage of karst cave storage, the pressure derivative curve is a straight line with a slope of 1. A comparison with previous models confirmed the validity of the proposed model. The influence of key parameters on the behavior of typical curves is analyzed. A field case study of the proposed model was carried out. Parameters related to fracturing cracks and karst caves, such as the crack length and cave radius, were successfully estimated. The proposed model has great potential for determining formation parameters of fracture–cavity reservoirs

High-performance flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on a new graphene foam/carbon nanotube hybrid film

In this work, we report the fabrication of a new 3D graphene foam (GF)/carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid film with high flexibility and robustness as the ideal support for deposition of large amounts of electrochemically active materials per unit area. To demonstrate the concept, we have deposited MnO2 and polypyrrole (Ppy) on the GF/CNT films and successfully fabricated lightweight and flexible asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs). These ASCs assembled from GF/CNT/MnO2 and GF/CNT/Ppy hybrid films with high loading of electroactive materials in an aqueous electrolyte are able to function with an output voltage of 1.6 V, and deliver high energy/power density (22.8 W h kg−1 at 860 W kg−1 and 2.7 kW kg−1 at 6.2 W h kg−1). The rate performance can be further improved with less loading of electroactive materials (10.3 kW kg−1 at 10.9 W h kg−1). The ASCs demonstrate remarkable cycling stability (capacitance retention of 90.2–83.5% after 10 000 cycles), which is among the best reported for ASCs with both electrodes made of non-carbon electroactive materials. Also the ASCs are able to perfectly retain their electrochemical performance at different bending angles. These ASCs demonstrate great potential as power sources for flexible and lightweight electronic devices.Accepted versio

Screening of Suitable Sowing Date for Yumi 2 in Arid Area of Western Heilongjiang Province

In order to determine the best sowing date of the main cultivar Yumi 2 in Shaanxi Province, taking Yumi 2 as experimental materials, five sowing periods were set: May 8 (B1), May 18 (B2), May 28 (B3), June 7 (B4), and June 17 (B5), and field experiment was carried out in Heping Pasture of Suihua Administration Bureau in Heilongjiang Province. The plant height, main panicle length, main stem node number, grain number per panicle, 1000-grain weight, and yield of Yumi 2 were compared under different treatments. The results showed that the treatments of B1, B2 and B3 were higher than those of B4 and B5 in the plant height, main panicle length, main stem node number, grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight. The yield of B1 was the highest in five treatments, and the yield was higher than that of B2, B3, B4 and B5 for 7.41%, 8.33%, 28.70%, and 19.44% respectively. Based on the above traits, it is concluded that the appropriate sowing date of Yumi 2 is May 8 in the arid area of western Heilongjiang Province so as to get higher yield