Joint Innovation Investment and Pricing Decisions In Retail Supply Chains With Customer Value

In the retail industry, customer value has become the key to maintaining competitive advantages. In the era of new retail, customer value is not only affected by the product price, but it is also closely related to innovations, such as value‐added services and unique business models. In this paper, we study the joint innovation investment and pricing decisions in a retailer–supplier supply chain based on revenue sharing contracts and customer value. We first find that, in the non-cooperative game, equilibrium only exists in the supplier Stackelberg game. However, revenue sharing contracts cannot coordinate the supply chain in the non‐cooperative game. By considering supply chain members’ bargaining power, we find that there exists a unique equilibrium for the Nash bargaining product. In addition, revenue sharing contracts can coordinate the supply chain and achieve the optimal consumer surplus. When the supply chain is coordinated, supply chain profit is allocated to the supply chain members based on their bargaining powers

Spiritual Heritages of Humboldt’s Idea of University: Classical Tradition and Personality Shaping

Humboldt’s idea of university has produced profound influence on higher education in German and even the whole world. Humboldt has inherited classics and personality shaping in European and German educational tradition, comprehensively absorbed educational thoughts of German idealist philosophy and new humanism in the same era, made himself into a typical representative of classical tradition and personality shaping, and applied the concept of classical tradition and personality shaping to educational practice, especially in universities representing national higher academic institutions. He emphasized humanist tradition and the status of institutes of philosophy assuming heavy responsibilities of personality shaping in the university, which is one of the important spiritual heritages left by him

Spiritual Heritage of Humboldt’s Idea of University: Study on Universities in Germany

Humboldt advocated traditional classics of teaching and adhered to personality shaping. The best method for personality is academic research. Humboldt considered academic research was a kind of creative activity and behavior. In universities, teaching and research supplement each other. The universities own better conditions than academies of sciences in terms of academic development and communication. Teachers and students improve themselves through academic research. Therefore, universities make outstanding contributions to modernization of the German economy

Flame Boundary Measurement Using an Electrostatic Sensor Array

Flame boundary is an important geometrical characteristic for the evaluation of flame properties such as heat release rate and radiation. Reliable and accurate measurement of flame boundary is desirable for the prediction of flame structure and the optimization of combustion systems. Such measurement will inform the designers and operators of the combustion systems. This paper presents for the first time a study of using an electrostatic sensor array for flame boundary measurement. The electrostatic sensor is placed in the vicinity of the flame to sense its movement through charge transfer. The principle, design, implementation and assessment of a measurement system based on this methodology are introduced. Comparative experimental investigations with a digital camera conducted on a laboratory-scale combustion test rig show that the electrostatic sensor can respond to the variation of the distance between the electrode and the flame boundary. Reconstruction of the flame boundary is achieved using a set of distance measurements obtained from a sensor array. For diffusion flames over the range of fuel flow rate 0.60-0.80 L/min and premixed flames over the range of equivalence ratio 1.27-3.81, experimental results show that the measurement system is capable of providing reliable measurement of the flame boundary. The correlation coefficients under all test conditions are mostly larger than 0.96, the mean relative errors within 7.4% and the relative root mean square errors within 0.09. More accurate flame boundary measurements are achieved for diffusion flames. In addition, the overall polarity of charges in a flame can be determined from the polarity of the sensor signal