Investigation Of Antifungal Activity Of Difference Parts Of Cerbera Odollam And Effect Of Extracts On Some Properties Of Particleboards

Kajian potensi ekstraktif daripada daun, buah, kayu, kulit, bunga and biji Pong Pong (Cerbera odollam) sebagai pengawet kayu dalam menentang kulat dan anai anai telah dijalankan. Penilaian sifat anti kulat ekstraktif pada tahap awal yang diekstrak dengan heksana, etil asetat, etanol dan metanol telah dikaji melalui kaedah anti kulat kertas turas. Kandungan bahan kimia terkandung dalam ekstrak yang aktif semasa anti kulat telah dianalisis melalui komatografi gas spektrometer jisim. Kadar kematian anai anai terhadap ekstraktif yang diekstrak dengan metanol telah dinilaikan. Kesan ekstraktif terhadap kayu padu getah termasuk pereputan disebabkan oleh kulat pereputan, anai anai dan kajian tanam dalam tanah telah dikaji. Kesan ekstraktif terhadap papan serpai termasuk pereputan disebabkan oleh kulat, pengembangan ketebalan, kekuatan ikatan dalaman dan pembebasan formadehid papan serpai, pereputan disebabkan oleh anai anai dan kajian tanam dalam tanah telah dikaji. This research investigated the potential of extracts from leaf, fruit, wood, bark, flower and seed of Pong Pong (Cerbera odollam) as wood preservatives against fungal and termite. Preliminary evaluation of antifungal properties of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts was evaluated via paper disc antifungal assay. Chemical compounds of antifungal active extracts were analysed via gas chromatography mass spectrometer. Termite mortality of methanol extracts was evaluated. The effect of extracts to solid Rubberwood including fungal decay, termite decay, and soil burial were evaluated

The Characterization Of Some Physical And Mechanical Properties Of Medium Density Particleboard Made From Oil Palm Trunk Without Formaldehyde Based Adhesives

This research characterized some properties of oil palm trunk particleboard made without formaldehyde based adhesives. The processing parameters including hot pressing temperature, hot pressing time and hot pressing pressure to produce oil palm trunk particleboard using coarse size particles (sieved with No. 10 filter) were studied. Penyelidikan ini mencirikan sebahagian sifat sifat papan serpai batang kelapa sawit diperbuat tanpa pengikat berasaskan formaldehid. Parameter pemprosesan termasuk suhu mampatan panas, jangkamasa mampatan panas dan tekanan mampatan panas untuk menghasil papan serpai batang kelapa sawit yang partikel saiz kasar (disaring dengan penapis No. 10) telah dikaji

Multipurpose applications of bamboo as an activated carbon: An overview

Bamboo is a versatile resource for the synthesis of activated carbon. Low-cost precursors owing to a high growth rate and high carbon content in bamboo have consolidated its suitability as a renewable and notable alternative resource to activated carbon production. The attractiveness of bamboo activated carbon is due to its microcrystalline structure with a high porosity, fast absorption, and highly active surface area. Bamboo activated carbon can be synthesised via carbonisation and activation processes. The carbonisation process produces a substance with a colossal surface area to the mass ratio, which effective in holding various materials, minerals, humidity, odours, etc. Activation process involves the establishment of typical structures and advanced porosity to devise the high porosity of the solid activated carbon. Bamboo activated carbon can be used for energy-related reasons in environmental conservation, agriculture, soil amendment, animal feed additions, and wastewater treatment. It can also be used as a supplement in the composting and fermentation processes, utilised as a tar reduction catalyst in pyrolysis and gasification, as a pelletised fuel, and as a hydrogen production substrate. Numerous studies on activated carbon produced by diverse feedstocks are published in the areas of production, characterisation and possible uses and applications. Bamboo activated carbon is safeguarding its sphere of importance in today's era due to its multipurpose uses. The bamboo activated carbon is mostly used in the industrial, agricultural, and natural environment-related sectors. This paper presents a brief overview of the applications of bamboo activated carbon in numerous areas

Batch adsorption and isothermic studies of malachite green dye adsorption using Leucaena leucocephala biomass as potential adsorbent in water treatment

The adsorption properties of Leucaena leucocephala biomass to clean malachite green contaminated water were investigated in this work. BET surface analysis showed a surface area of 0.5724 m²/g. Batch adsorption studies and isothermic studies determined that the best time and temperature for the adsorption process to become efficient were 60 min of contact time and 25 °C, respectively. The KF value of 0.3372 mg adsorbed per mg of adsorbent of the L. leucocephala biomass for malachite green was the highest at 50 °C. It was shown that the n values were n <1 which suggested that malachite green dye adsorption on L. leucocephala biomass is favorable. Values of the correlation coefficient (R2) indicated that the Freundlich isotherm can be used for the adsorption of malachite green on L. leucocephala. The results also suggest that L. leucocephala biomass can be utilized as an adsorbent for malachite green dye from wastewater at a lower cost

Effect of bleaching using sodium hydroxide on pulp derived from Sesbania grandiflora

World demand for paper is increasing. Short rotation pulpwood is needed. Sesbania grandiflora also known as Turi, is a fast growing and straight log species. The scholarly information of Turi as pulpwood are still limited. This paper aims to provide information of sodium hydroxide effect on the paper made from pulp derived from Turi. Sodium hydroxide is a common chemical using as part of full stage chemical bleaching in pulp industrial. Kraft pulp that produced using Turi, was bleached with sodium hydroxide at 3%, 6% and 9% based on pulp weight, respectively. Unbleached pulp was served as blank test. The optical and mechanical properties of handsheet paper made from bleached kraft pulp were evaluated according to TAPPI standard. The brightness and opacity of handsheet made from bleached pulp were improved with increasing the concentration of sodium hydroxide. The mechanical properties of handsheet were improved with using 3% sodium hydroxide and gradually decreased after 3% sodium hydroxide. In conclusion, sodium hydroxide is potential to improve optical properties of Turi pulp and improve the mechanical properties of paper made from Turi pulp at certain level. Excessive usage of sodium hydroxide brings adverse effect to mechanical properties of paper made from Turi pulp

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Binderless Particleboard Made from Steam-Pretreated Oil Palm Trunk Particles

Formaldehyde emissions from conventional particleboards raise issues of health and safety. One of the potential solutions is binderless particleboards made without using synthetic adhesives. However, the physical and mechanical properties of untreated binderless particleboards are relatively poor compared to conventional particleboards. This research aims to reveal the potential of using steam pretreatment to improve binderless particleboard properties made from oil palm trunk. The oil palm trunk particles were treated with steam pretreatment for different durations of time (20, 40, 60 min). The chemical constituents of the treated and untreated particles were evaluated. The binderless particleboards were made from treated and untreated particles. In addition, panels using untreated oil palm trunk particles with 10% urea&ndash;formaldehyde resin were made and used as a comparison. The boards were evaluated according to European Standards. The results indicated that the hemicellulose and starch content gradually reduced with the progression of steam pretreatment. The physical and mechanical properties were improved by increasing steam pretreatment duration. The steam pretreatment was able to improve the properties of binderless particleboards made from oil palm trunk. However, the performance of steam-pretreated binderless particleboard in this study is not compatible with the particleboards made using 10% urea&ndash;formaldehyde

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Binderless Particleboard Made from Steam-Pretreated Oil Palm Trunk Particles

Formaldehyde emissions from conventional particleboards raise issues of health and safety. One of the potential solutions is binderless particleboards made without using synthetic adhesives. However, the physical and mechanical properties of untreated binderless particleboards are relatively poor compared to conventional particleboards. This research aims to reveal the potential of using steam pretreatment to improve binderless particleboard properties made from oil palm trunk. The oil palm trunk particles were treated with steam pretreatment for different durations of time (20, 40, 60 min). The chemical constituents of the treated and untreated particles were evaluated. The binderless particleboards were made from treated and untreated particles. In addition, panels using untreated oil palm trunk particles with 10% urea&#8722;formaldehyde resin were made and used as a comparison. The boards were evaluated according to European Standards. The results indicated that the hemicellulose and starch content gradually reduced with the progression of steam pretreatment. The physical and mechanical properties were improved by increasing steam pretreatment duration. The steam pretreatment was able to improve the properties of binderless particleboards made from oil palm trunk. However, the performance of steam-pretreated binderless particleboard in this study is not compatible with the particleboards made using 10% urea&#8722;formaldehyde

Mechanical properties and dimensional stability of particleboard fabricated from steam pre-treated banana trunk waste particles

This study investigated the mechanical strength and dimensional stability of steam pre-treated banana trunk waste trunck waste binderless (free from synthetic adhesive) particleboards. The dried banana trunk wastes particles were subjected to steam pre-treatment for 15 min at chosen temperatures of 111 °C, 121 °C, and 131 °C, respectively. The targeted density of the particle board was fixed around 0.7 g/cm3, to achieve this density of binderless particleboard the steamed banana particles were hot pressed at a temperature of 180 °C for 40 min. The obtained particleboard was tested for standard mechanical and physicochemical properties. The test results indicated that banana trunk waste particle after steam treated at 121 °C temperature resulting particleboard was having optimum modulus of rupture (MOR, 4.57 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (MOE, 662.33 MPa) compared to without steam treated banana trunk waste binderless particleboard (MOR, 1.54 MPa; MOE, 296.74 MPa) and other temperature steam treated banana trunk waste particleboard. The dimensional stability of steam pre-treated banana trunk waste particleboard was found to be improved due to a reduction in thickness swelling and water absorption properties. The physical and mechanical property of steam pre-treated banana trunk waste particleboard was found to be comparable with the standard particleboard properties issued by the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) A 5908:2003. The finding of this study shows that the banana trunk waste has potential to be used as raw material for the manufacture of binderless particleboard, which can be used in green buildings

Importance of Lignin on the Properties of Binderless Particleboard Made From Oil Palm Trunk

This study investigated the influence of soda lignin extracts from oil palm on the binderless particleboard properties especially in against moisture. Characterization analysis of oil palm soda lignin, including carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur elemental analysis, ash content, infrared spectra via fourier transform spectrometer, glass transition point, and thermal decomposition were conducted. Moisture resistant properties including thickness swelling, and dimensional changes with changes of relative humidity of binderless board with lignin add-on were investigated. Mechanical strength properties including modulus of rupture and internal bond strength were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy image of specimens was inspected. Lignin was statistically significant influencing the properties of oil palm binderless particleboard. All specimens with lignin added showed better performances than control specimens that without lignin add-on. Binderless board with 5% lignin add-on showed the best result in moisture resistant properties and mechanical properties

Particleboard from agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste: a review

The use of alternative raw materials such as agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste and by-products in particleboard production is a viable approach to respond to the increased global demand for wood-based materials, and it is a key circular economy principle as well. Wood chips are the second most costly element after resin in particleboard production, where both elements accounting for more than 50% of the overall production cost. Therefore, a significant cost reduction could be achieved by replacing wood chips with lignocellulosic agricultural wastes. Agricultural biomass exists in abundant post-harvest and post-production processes and can be served as an ideal alternative for particleboard manufacturing. This study aimed to review and evaluate the current state-of-the-art particleboard production using a wide variety of environmentally-friendly agricultural biomass, recycled wood waste, and by-products. In this review, the agricultural biomass used for particleboard production was classified into seven different groups based on the part of the plant which they are extracted from, i.e. straw, stalk, bagasse, seed/fruit, leaf, grass, and palms. Particleboards' properties of these raw materials were also compared in terms of their mechanical parameters. The last part of this review concluded the challenges and future potential of using agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste