Holistic Network Defense: Fusing Host and Network Features for Attack Classification

This work presents a hybrid network-host monitoring strategy, which fuses data from both the network and the host to recognize malware infections. This work focuses on three categories: Normal, Scanning, and Infected. The network-host sensor fusion is accomplished by extracting 248 features from network traffic using the Fullstats Network Feature generator and from the host using text mining, looking at the frequency of the 500 most common strings and analyzing them as word vectors. Improvements to detection performance are made by synergistically fusing network features obtained from IP packet flows and host features, obtained from text mining port, processor, logon information among others. In addition, the work compares three different machine learning algorithms and updates the script required to obtain network features. Hybrid method results outperformed host only classification by 31.7% and network only classification by 25%. The new approach also reduces the number of alerts while remaining accurate compared with the commercial IDS SNORT. These results make it such that even the most typical users could understand alert classification messages

Pemanfaatan Susu Kambing Untuk Pembuatan Tahu Susu Dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Limbah Nenas (Enzim Bromelin) Dan Penambahan Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Enzim Papain)

ABSTRAK Tahu susu adalah semacam keju yang dapat dibuat dari susu sapi, susu kambing atau susu hewan lainnya. Produk ini mempunyai nutrisi yang baik karena susu sebagai bahan pangan merupakan sumber protein hewani dengan susunan asam-asam amino yang lebih lengkap dibanding dengan protein dari tumbuh-tumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan konsumsi susu kambing dalam bentuk tahu susu untuk mencukupi kekurangan gizi masyarakat serta memanfaatkan limbah nenas dan daun pepaya dalam pembuatan tahu susu. Pembuatan tahu susu dengan penambahan ekstrak nenas dilakukan pada suhu 60°C dengan konsentrasi 12 ml, 14 ml, 16 ml dan 18 ml tiap 100 ml susu kambing, sedangkan pembuatan tahu susu dengan penambahan ekstrak pepaya dilakukan pada suhu 60° C dengan konsentrasi 11 ml, 13 ml, 15 ml tiap 100 ml susu kambing. Setelah diperoleh gumpalan tahu, dilakukan penyaringan dan pengepresan sehingga terbentuk tahu susu. Pembuatan tahu susu dengan penambahan 14 ml ekstrak limbah nenas (enzim bromelin) dan 15 ml ekstrak daun pepaya (enzim papain) memberikan hasil optimum berdasarkan tekstur dan rendemennya, selanjutnya digunakan untuk melakukan uji inderawi. Uji ini dilakukan terhadap warna, bau, kehalusan kelembutan saat dimakan, rasa dan kesukaan secara menyeluruh dengan metoda scoring test. Hasil uji inderawi terhadap warna, bau, kehalusan saat dimakan , rasa dan kesukaan secara menyeluruh menunjukkan bahwa tahu susu bromelin dan tahu susu papain tidak memberikan beda nyata dengan tahu susu kedelai dan tahu susu lain yang terdapat di pasaran. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tahu susu bromelin dan tahu susu papain dapat diterima dan disukai oleh konsumen

Functional interplay between NTP leaving group and base pair recognition during RNA polymerase II nucleotide incorporation revealed by methylene substitution.

RNA polymerase II (pol II) utilizes a complex interaction network to select and incorporate correct nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) substrates with high efficiency and fidelity. Our previous 'synthetic nucleic acid substitution' strategy has been successfully applied in dissecting the function of nucleic acid moieties in pol II transcription. However, how the triphosphate moiety of substrate influences the rate of P-O bond cleavage and formation during nucleotide incorporation is still unclear. Here, by employing β,γ-bridging atom-'substituted' NTPs, we elucidate how the methylene substitution in the pyrophosphate leaving group affects cognate and non-cognate nucleotide incorporation. Intriguingly, the effect of the β,γ-methylene substitution on the non-cognate UTP/dT scaffold (∼3-fold decrease in kpol) is significantly different from that of the cognate ATP/dT scaffold (∼130-fold decrease in kpol). Removal of the wobble hydrogen bonds in U:dT recovers a strong response to methylene substitution of UTP. Our kinetic and modeling studies are consistent with a unique altered transition state for bond formation and cleavage for UTP/dT incorporation compared with ATP/dT incorporation. Collectively, our data reveals the functional interplay between NTP triphosphate moiety and base pair hydrogen bonding recognition during nucleotide incorporation

Surveying the Landscape of Doctrinal Imagining

"“Christian doctrines” and “global gender justice” rarely appear together in the same sentence. For feminist theologians who imagine with doctrine, the heart-beat of feminist theology is a double outward and inward impetus in relation to received doctrinal traditions: on the one hand, an outward constructive impetus away from the core of regulatory orthodox doctrine in favour of its own unimpeded creative constructions; on the other, an inward trajectory in response to the “pull” exerted by doctrine, through insisting on the orthodoxy of creative imagining with doctrine. Global issues press on our creative imaginings as we grapple with our own received doctrines. Shaped by our past traditions as we in turn imagine their current and future form, we glimpse a Christian gospel of love and justice that has always been among “us”—the current gatherings of Christians throughout the history of our faith—even while western Christendom and other iterations of Christian faith have as often exacerbated the violence and injustice of the world. This band of constructive theologians keeps company with those who have caught a love of justice throughout Christian history then use it as the key for understanding their faith. White feminist theology is both enriched and diminished by dialogue with theologies of women of colour. Constructive theologies including the imaginings of Latina/mujerista, evangélica, womanist, and Asian American women deserve attention from all theologians, men as well as women.

Designing and Evaluating Presentation Strategies for Fact-Checked Content

With the rapid growth of online misinformation, it is crucial to have reliable fact-checking methods. Recent research on finding check-worthy claims and automated fact-checking have made significant advancements. However, limited guidance exists regarding the presentation of fact-checked content to effectively convey verified information to users. We address this research gap by exploring the critical design elements in fact-checking reports and investigating whether credibility and presentation-based design improvements can enhance users' ability to interpret the report accurately. We co-developed potential content presentation strategies through a workshop involving fact-checking professionals, communication experts, and researchers. The workshop examined the significance and utility of elements such as veracity indicators and explored the feasibility of incorporating interactive components for enhanced information disclosure. Building on the workshop outcomes, we conducted an online experiment involving 76 crowd workers to assess the efficacy of different design strategies. The results indicate that proposed strategies significantly improve users' ability to accurately interpret the verdict of fact-checking articles. Our findings underscore the critical role of effective presentation of fact reports in addressing the spread of misinformation. By adopting appropriate design enhancements, the effectiveness of fact-checking reports can be maximized, enabling users to make informed judgments.Comment: Accepted to the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM '23

A Study of Two Diffuse Dwarf Galaxies in the Field

We present optical long-slit spectroscopy and far-ultraviolet to near-infrared spectral energy distribution fitting of two diffuse dwarf galaxies, LSBG-285 and LSBG-750, which were recently discovered by the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). We measure redshifts using H$\alpha$ line emission, and find that these galaxies are at comoving distances of ${\approx}25$ and ${\approx}41$ Mpc, respectively, after correcting for the local velocity field. They have effective radii of $r_\mathrm{eff}=1.2$ and 1.8 kpc and stellar masses of $M_\star\approx2$-$3\times10^{7}~M_\odot$. There are no massive galaxies ($M_\star>10^{10} M_\odot$) within a comoving separation of at least 1.5 Mpc from LSBG-285 and 2 Mpc from LSBG-750. These sources are similar in size and surface brightness to ultra-diffuse galaxies, except they are isolated, star-forming objects that were optically selected in an environmentally blind survey. Both galaxies likely have low stellar metallicities $[Z_\star/Z_\odot] < -1.0$ and are consistent with the stellar mass-metallicity relation for dwarf galaxies. We set an upper limit on LSBG-750's rotational velocity of ${\sim}50$ km s$^{-1}$, which is comparable to dwarf galaxies of similar stellar mass with estimated halo masses $<10^{11}~M_\odot$. We find tentative evidence that the gas-phase metallicities in both of these diffuse systems are high for their stellar mass, though a statistically complete, optically-selected galaxy sample at very low surface brightness will be necessary to place these results into context with the higher-surface-brightness galaxy population.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures; accepted for publication in Ap

Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) VIII. A less biased view of the early co-evolution of black holes and host galaxies

We present ALMA [CII] line and far-infrared (FIR) continuum observations of three $z > 6$ low-luminosity quasars ($M_{\rm 1450} > -25$) discovered by our Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. The [CII] line was detected in all three targets with luminosities of $(2.4 - 9.5) \times 10^8~L_\odot$, about one order of magnitude smaller than optically luminous ($M_{\rm 1450} \lesssim -25$) quasars. The FIR continuum luminosities range from $< 9 \times 10^{10}~L_\odot$ (3$\sigma$ limit) to $\sim 2 \times 10^{12}~L_\odot$, indicating a wide range in star formation rates in these galaxies. Most of the HSC quasars studied thus far show [CII]/FIR luminosity ratios similar to local star-forming galaxies. Using the [CII]-based dynamical mass ($M_{\rm dyn}$) as a surrogate for bulge stellar mass ($M_{\rm bulge}$), we find that a significant fraction of low-luminosity quasars are located on or even below the local $M_{\rm BH} - M_{\rm bulge}$ relation, particularly at the massive end of the galaxy mass distribution. In contrast, previous studies of optically luminous quasars have found that black holes are overmassive relative to the local relation. Given the low luminosities of our targets, we are exploring the nature of the early co-evolution of supermassive black holes and their hosts in a less biased way. Almost all of the quasars presented in this work are growing their black hole mass at much higher pace at $z \sim 6$ than the parallel growth model, in which supermassive black holes and their hosts grow simultaneously to match the local $M_{\rm BH} - M_{\rm bulge}$ relation at all redshifts. As the low-luminosity quasars appear to realize the local co-evolutionary relation even at $z \sim 6$, they should have experienced vigorous starbursts prior to the currently observed quasar phase to catch up with the relation.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (PASJ

Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) III. Star formation properties of the host galaxies at z≳6z \gtrsim 6 studied with ALMA

We present our ALMA Cycle 4 measurements of the [CII] emission line and the underlying far-infrared (FIR) continuum emission from four optically low-luminosity ($M_{\rm 1450} > -25$) quasars at $z \gtrsim 6$ discovered by the Subaru Hyper Suprime Cam (HSC) survey. The [CII] line and FIR continuum luminosities lie in the ranges $L_{\rm [CII]} = (3.8-10.2) \times 10^8~L_\odot$ and $L_{\rm FIR} = (1.2-2.0) \times 10^{11}~L_\odot$, which are at least one order of magnitude smaller than those of optically-luminous quasars at $z \gtrsim 6$. We estimate the star formation rates (SFR) of our targets as $\simeq 23-40~M_\odot ~{\rm yr}^{-1}$. Their line and continuum-emitting regions are marginally resolved, and found to be comparable in size to those of optically luminous quasars, indicating that their SFR or likely gas mass surface densities (key controlling parameter of mass accretion) are accordingly different. The $L_{\rm [CII]}/L_{\rm FIR}$ ratios of the hosts, $\simeq (2.2-8.7) \times 10^{-3}$, are fully consistent with local star-forming galaxies. Using the [CII] dynamics, we derived their dynamical masses within a radius of 1.5-2.5 kpc as $\simeq (1.4-8.2) \times 10^{10}~M_\odot$. By interpreting these masses as stellar ones, we suggest that these faint quasar hosts are on or even below the star-forming main sequence at $z \sim 6$, i.e., they appear to be transforming into quiescent galaxies. This is in contrast to the optically luminous quasars at those redshifts, which show starburst-like properties. Finally, we find that the ratios of black hole mass to host galaxy dynamical mass of the most of low-luminosity quasars including the HSC ones are consistent with the local value. The mass ratios of the HSC quasars can be reproduced by a semi-analytical model that assumes merger-induced black hole-host galaxy evolution.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in PAS

Elucidating how the saprophytic fungus Aspergillus nidulans uses the plant polyester suberin as carbon source

Lipid polymers in plant cell walls, such as cutin and suberin, build recalcitrant hydrophobic protective barriers. Their degradation is of foremost importance for both plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi. Regardless of numerous reports on fungal degradation of emulsified fatty acids or cutin, and on fungi-plant interactions, the pathways involved in the degradation and utilisation of suberin remain largely overlooked. As a structural component of the plant cell wall, suberin isolation, in general, uses harsh depolymerisation methods that destroy its macromolecular structure. We recently overcame this limitation isolating suberin macromolecules in a near-native state.work partially supported by a grant from Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway through the EEA financial mechanism (Project PT015), FCT: grant (PEst-OE/EQB/LA0004/2013) and fellowships (SFRH/BD/38378/2007, SFRH/BD/66396/2009, SFRH/BD/66030/2009, SFRH/BD/48286/2008), Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian fellowship (21-95587-B)

RNA polymerase II senses obstruction in the DNA minor groove via a conserved sensor motif

RNA polymerase II (pol II) encounters numerous barriers during transcription elongation, including DNA strand breaks, DNA lesions, and nucleosomes. Pyrrole-imidazole (Py-Im) polyamides bind to the minor groove of DNA with programmable sequence specificity and high affinity. Previous studies suggest that Py-Im polyamides can prevent transcription factor binding, as well as interfere with pol II transcription elongation. However, the mechanism of pol II inhibition by Py-Im polyamides is unclear. Here we investigate the mechanism of how these minor-groove binders affect pol II transcription elongation. In the presence of site-specifically bound Py-Im polyamides, we find that the pol II elongation complex becomes arrested immediately upstream of the targeted DNA sequence, and is not rescued by transcription factor IIS, which is in contrast to pol II blockage by a nucleosome barrier. Further analysis reveals that two conserved pol II residues in the Switch 1 region contribute to pol II stalling. Our study suggests this motif in pol II can sense the structural changes of the DNA minor groove and can be considered a “minor groove sensor.” Prolonged interference of transcription elongation by sequence-specific minor groove binders may present opportunities to target transcription addiction for cancer therapy