Addressing educational disparity : using district level education development indices for equitable resource allocations in India

The challenge of development work in the social sector in India today is one of bridging huge disparities across regions of the country, gender and social groups. Unless national and state policies specifically target resources to address these disparities, achieving higher level outcomes in an inclusive manner, which is the real goal for human development in education and health, will be a distant dream. This paper takes up the case of the Indian government’s Elementary Education for All Mission to understand how this flagship program relates investments to spatial and social disparities. For identifying the most deprived districts in terms of educational inputs, outputs and overall development, the authors estimate district level education development indices for 2003-2004. The contribution of the largest investment program is measured by"per child allocations"and expenditures at the state and district levels for 2005-2006. An analysis of comparing the ratio of allocations to expenditures with the ratio of district level indices to sub-dimensional indices shows that there is an apparent disconnect between the"real investment needs"of the districts, reflected in their level of educational development and the actual allocations made on an annual basis. The analysis shows that although all districts received more funds for investing in elementary education programs, the most disadvantaged and needy districts received proportionately more funds, which helped these districts to bridge access and infrastructure gaps and appoint more teachers. Benchmarking sector development by spatial entities helps not only in monitoring the outcomes, but also in targeting planning and funding to reduce disparities.Primary Education,Education For All,Gender and Education,Access&Equity in Basic Education,

Reservoir fisheries in India

Following an account of factors influencing the biological productivity of reservoirs in India, details are given of energy transformation through primary production. An ecosystem approach to the management of reservoir fisheries is discussed, considering also socio-economic factors to be taken into account

A hatchery manual for the common, Chinese and Indian major carps (2nd rev ed.)

This major work on carp hatchery and nursery methods was part of an Asian Development Bank (ADB) project to improve carp seed production technology in ADB-member countries notably Bangladesh, Burma, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Designed as a reference source on carp seed production and as a mini-library for those stationed at seed production centers remote from scientific information channels.Fish culture, Hatcheries, Aquaculture techniques, Manuals Cyprinidae

Evaluation of thallium-201 scanning for detection of latent coronary artery disease

The use of thallium imaging as a noninvasive method to accurately screen shuttle passengers for latent coronary artery disease was investigated. All radionuclide procedures were performed using an Anger type camera with a high resolution collimator. A minimum of 200,000 counts were collected for each image using a 20% window centered on the 69-83 keV X-rays. For the images obtained following injection with the patient at rest, the testing was begun 10 minutes after injection. Injections of TT during exercise were made at a point near the termination of the treadmill procedure as determined by either the appearance of ST segment changes on the electrocardiogram consistant with subendocardial ischemia, the appearance of angina-like chest pain in the patient or fatigue in the patient which required cessation of the test. The severity of heart disease was based on the medical history, physical exam, exercise electrocardiograms, chest X-rays and the coronary arteriogram

Application of Von Bertalanffy's growth model to Setipinna phasa (Hamlilton) when growth is allometric

A shape factor was introduced in the growth equation for S. phasa (Ham.) based on Von Bertalanffy's growth model and allometric growth. The estimates thus obtained fit the observed values better than those obtained with the assumption that growth is isometric. A new method of evaluating shape factor is described

Progress of modern aquaculture

The development of the aquaculture industry worldwide is discussed in detail with respect to activities conducted by various international organizations, considering in particular the leading role played by the FAO and its regional agencies. A brief examination is also made of the current situation regarding the industry in India and the potential for further development and improvement

In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

A number of physiological changes have been demonstrated in bone, muscle and blood after exposure of humans and animals to microgravity. Determining mechanisms and the development of effective countermeasures for long duration space missions is an important NASA goal. The advent of tomographic nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR or MRI) gives NASA a way to greatly extend early studies of this phenomena in ways not previously possible; NMR is also noninvasive and safe. NMR provides both superb anatomical images for volume assessments of individual organs and quantification of chemical/physical changes induced in the examined tissues. The feasibility of NMR as a tool for human physiological research as it is affected by microgravity is demonstrated. The animal studies employed the rear limb suspended rat as a model of mucle atrophy that results from microgravity. And bedrest of normal male subjects was used to simulate the effects of microgravity on bone and muscle

VIV Excitation Competition Between Bare and Buoyant Segments of Flexible Cylinders

This paper addresses a practical problem: “Under which coverage of buoyancy modules, would the Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) excitation on buoyant segments dominate the response?” This paper explores the excitation competition between bare and buoyant segments of a 38 meter long model riser. The source of data is a recent model test, conducted by SHELL Exploration and Production at the MARINTEK Ocean Basin in Trondheim Norway. A pipe model with five buoyancy configurations was tested. The results of these tests show that (1) the excitation on the bare and buoyant regions could be identified by frequency, because the bare and buoyant regions are associated with two different frequencies due to the different diameters; (2) a new phenomenon was observed; A third frequency in the spectrum is found not to be a multiple of the frequency associated with either bare or buoyancy regions, but the sum of the frequency associated with bare region and twice of the frequency associated with buoyancy region; (3) the contribution of the response at this third frequency to the total amplitude is small; (4) the power dissipated by damping at each excitation frequency is the metric used to determine the winner of excitation competition. For most buoyancy configurations, the excitation on buoyancy regions dominates the VIV response; (5) a formula is proposed to predict the winner of the excitation competition between bare and buoyant segments for a given buoyancy coverage.DeepStar (Consortium)SHEAR7 JI

The Effect of Exposure Length on Vortex Induced Vibration of Flexible Cylinders

This paper addresses a practical problem: “What portion of fairing or strake coverage may be lost or damaged, before the operator must take corrective measures?” This paper explores the effect of lost fairings (the exposure length) on Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) of flexible cylinders. The source of data is a recent model test, conducted by SHELL Exploration and Production. A 38m long pipe model with varying amounts of fairings was tested. Response as a function of percent exposure length is reported. Unexpected results are also reported: (i) the flexible ribbon fairings used in the experiment did not suppress VIV at speeds above 1 m/s; (ii) Above 1 m/s, a competition was observed between VIV excited in the faired and bare regions of the cylinder, (iii) Unusual traveling wave behavior was documented—waves generated in the bare region periodically changed direction, and exhibited variation in VIV response frequency. The results of these tests showed that (1) the excitation on the bare and faired regions could be identified by frequency, because the faired region exhibited a much lower Strouhal number; (2) as expected, the response to VIV on the bare region increased with exposure length; (3) the response to VIV on the faired region decreased with exposure length.DeepStar (Consortium)SHEAR7 JI

Reynolds Number Effects on the Vortex-Induced Vibration of Flexible Marine Risers

This paper explores the Reynolds number dependence of the Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) of flexible marine risers. Emphasis is placed on revealing the trends that exist between the Strouhal number and the Reynolds number and between the dimensionless amplitude (A/D) and Reynolds number. Data is drawn from recent towing tank experiments which used flexible cylinders of three different diameters. The 38m long pipes were exposed to uniform and sheared currents. The Reynolds number range extended from approximately 5,000 to 220,000 — well into the critical regime — with the larger diameter pipes responding in up to the 13th mode and the smaller diameter pipe responding well above the 20th mode. The results and trends from this set of experiments are compared to previous results from laboratory and field experiments.SHEAR7 JI