Pathological, mycological and molecular research into the organs of turkey poults of various immunological status following artificial infection with Aspergillus fumigatus spores

Aspergiloza ćuraka je jedno od najvažnijih respiratornih oboljenja, naročito kod najmlađe kategorije, koje može da prouzrokuje značajne ekonomske gubitke zbog mortaliteta i niskih proizvodnih performansi. U prirodnim uslovima infekcija nastaje aerogeno, tj. udisanjem velikog broja germinativnih oblika spora Aspergillus fumigatus u kratkom vremenskom periodu ili dugotrajnim izlaganjem respiratornog sistema niskoj koncentraciji u kontaminiranom vazduhu. Predisponirajući faktori za nastanak aspergiloze kod ćuraka, pored virusnih i bakterijskih infekciija jesu: slab imuni status nastao zbog duže primene antibakterijskih lekova, kontinuirano izlaganje stresogenim faktorima (učestala vakcinacija, loš kvalitet hrane), izlaganje lošim ambijentalnim i sanitarnim uslovima uzgoja. Iako postoji mnogo radova o aspergilozi ćurića, malo se zna o patogenezi bolesti i patomorfološkim promenama u različitim tkivima kod imunosuprimiranih ptica. Imajući to u vidu zadatak ovog rada bio je da u eksperimentalnim uslovima ispita zdravstveno stanje, nastanak patomorfoloških promena i diseminaciju Aspergillus fumigatus u različitim organima kod imunosuprimiranih i imunokompetentnih ćurića. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 90 ćurića oba pola, provenijencije „Converter“, podeljenih u četiri grupe: ogledna grupa 1 (O-1) i ogledna grupa 2 (O-2) sa po 30 jedinki i kontrolne grupe 1 (K-1) i 2 (K-2) sa po 15 jedinki u svakoj. Ispitivanja su obavljena 1, 3, 7, 14. i 21. dana nakon intratrahealne inokulacije 5,056×107 spora A. fumigatus 14 dana starim ćurićima grupe O-1, kao i grupe O-2, koja je prethodno tretirana deksametazonom u dozi od 4mg/kg telesne mase intramuskularno u trajanju od šest uzastopnih dana...Aspergillosis is one of the most important respiratory diseases of turkeys, especially in the youngest age category. It may lead to significant economic losses due to mortality and poor production performance. In natural conditions the infection is aerogenous, that is, it occurs following the inhalation of large numbers of Aspergillus fumigatus germinating spores in a short period of time, or by long-lasting exposure of the respiratory system to their low concentrations in air. Apart from virus and bacterial infections, the predisposing factors for the emergence of aspergillosis in turkeys are: low immune status due to long-lasting use of antibacterial drugs, continual exposure to stressogenic factors (frequent vaccination, poor feed quality), and exposure to poor ambient and sanitary conditions of rearing. In spite of plenty works about turkey aspergillosis, little is known about the pathogenesis of the disease and the pathomorphological changes in various tissues in immunosuppressed birds. Having considered these, this work was aimed at the research into the health status, development of pathological changes and dissemination of Aspergillus fumigatus in various organs of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent turkey poults in experimental conditions. The experiment was performed on 90 turkey poults of both sexes, of the Converter hybrid, divided into four groups: treated groups 1 (O-1) and 2 (O-2) with 30 specimens in each, and the two control groups – group 1 (K-1) and group 2 (K-2) - each consisting of 15 birds. The analyses were done on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after intratracheal inoculation of 5.056×107 A. fumigatus spores to 14-day-old poults of group O-1 and those of O-2, which were intramuscularly administered dexamethasone in the dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, on six consecutive days..

The assessment of tolerability of prolonged oral eugenol administration in rats

The potential toxicity and general tolerability of eugenol following two-week or four-week continuous p.o. administration to rats has been investigated. An experiment was performed on 72 male rats of the Wistar strain. Four groups of rats were treated with different doses of eugenol (10 mg/kg bm/day, 50 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg bm/day), the fifth group was administered vehicle (0.5 % methylcellulose, propylene glycol and water), and the sixth group comprised absolutely untreated controls. The corresponding doses of eugenol and vehicle were applied using a gastric probe in a volume of 1 ml/100 g body mass. The general tolerability of eugenol was evaluated on the basis of the daily intake of water and food, body mass, general health condition, behaviour, and lethality in the course of the experiment. In the investigated doses, eugenol applied p.o. in the course of two or four weeks does not influence significantly the intake of food, water, or body mass of rats. The dose of 400 mg/kg/day produced undesired reactions (agitation and hyperesthesia) that were first observed on day 21 and lasted until the end of the experiment. Low subacute toxicity of eugenol was established following p.o. administration to rats. Eugenol in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg tm/day has a low toxic potential and is safe for administration to this animal species. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 46009

Faktori koji utiču na terapijsku efikasnost i bezbednost lekova

According to the Law on medicines and medicinal devices, veterinary drugs must be of high quality, efficacy and safety to be suitable for use on animals. However, there are numerous factors which can alter the intensity of drugs and their established therapeutic efficacy and safety. These factors may depend on the patients themselves i.e. animals (species, age, sex, physiological state, impaired functions of organs involved in the elimination of drugs, diseases of other organ systems, nutrition, genetic disorders, individual varia­tions, tolerance etc.), veterinary surgeons (use of the drug which is not in accordance with the instructions - 'off-label use', improper selection of a drug or drug combination intended for a certain animal species or pathological condition, inadequate drug administration route, inadequate drug dosage and duration of therapy) and the drug itself (inappropriate formulation, bioavailability, instability of formulation, diminishing drug action due to external factors). Not following the instructions on using a drug and incorrect application may affect the rate and extent of the drug absorption. The route of the administration of a pharmaceutical product is defined in clinical trials, and depends on the physical and chemical properties of the active ingredient, characteristics of the pharmaceutical formulation and the anatomical and physiological characteristics of application sites which enable absorption. An adequate drug administration ensures a predictable level and rate of absorption from the application site, drug concentration at the sites of its action and pharmacological response or therapeutic efficacy. Concomitant use of multiple drugs in the same patient should be avoided because of possible interactions (antagonism or sinergism) which may decrease the activity of a drug and its effectiveness or increase them including appearance of drug toxicity. In addition, mixing drugs in an infusion system or a syringe should be avoided because the absence of visible interaction does not mean that the drugs applied are compatible.Prema Zakonu o lekovima i medicinskim sredstvima veterinarski lekovi moraju da budu kvalitetni, dovoljno efikasni i bezbedni za primenu na životinjama. Međutim, brojni su faktori koji mogu da menjaju jačinu dejstva leka, ustanovljenu terapijsku efikasnost i bezbednost. Ovi faktori mogu da potiču od samog pacijenta - životinje (vrsta, uzrast, pol, fiziološko stanje, poremećena funkcija organa za eliminaciju lekova, oboljenja drugih organskih sistema, ishrana, genetski poremećaji, individualne varijacije, tolerancija itd.), veterinara (upotreba leka koja nije u skladu sa uputstvom - 'off label use', nepravilan izbor leka ili kombinacije lekova za vrstu životinje ili patološko stanje, neadekvatan način aplikacije leka, neodgovarajuća doza leka i dužina primene, inkompatibilnost i interakcija) i samog leka (neodgovarajuća formulacija, niska biološka raspoloživost, nestabilnost formulacija, slabljenje dejstva leka pod uticajem spoljašnjih faktora). Nepridržavanje preporučenog uputstva o načinu aplikacije leka, kao i nepravilna aplikacija može da utiče na brzinu i stepen apsorpcije leka. Sam način aplikacije gotovog leka definisan je tokom njegovog kliničkog ispitivanja, i zavisi od fizičko-hemijskih osobina lekovite supstance, karakteristika farmaceutske formulacije i anatomskih i fizioloških osobina mesta aplikacije koja obezbeđuju apsorpciju. Primena leka na preporučen način omogućava predvidljiv stepen i brzinu apsorpcije sa mesta primene, koncentraciju leka na mestu delovanja i farmakološki odgovor, odnosno terapijsku efikasnost. Treba da se izbegava istovremena primena više lekova kod istog pacijenta zbog moguće interakcije (antagonizam ili sinergizam) koja smanjuje aktivnost leka i njegovu efikasnost ili mu, pak, pojačava efekat uključujući i pojavu toksičnosti. Takođe, treba da se izbegava mešanje lekova u infuzionom sistemu ili brizgalici, jer odsustvo vidljivih reakcija ne znači da je mešavina lekova kompatibilna

Ispitivanje podnošljivosti produžene peroralne primene eugenola kod pacova

The potential toxicity and general tolerability of eugenol following two-week or four-week continuous p.o. administration to rats has been investigated. An experiment was performed on 72 male rats of the Wistar strain. Four groups of rats were treated with different doses of eugenol (10 mg/kg bm/day, 50 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg bm/day), the fifth group was administered vehicle (0.5 % methylcellulose, propylene glycol and water), and the sixth group comprised absolutely untreated controls. The corresponding doses of eugenol and vehicle were applied using a gastric probe in a volume of 1 ml/100 g body mass. The general tolerability of eugenol was evaluated on the basis of the daily intake of water and food, body mass, general health condition, behaviour, and lethality in the course of the experiment. In the investigated doses, eugenol applied p.o. in the course of two or four weeks does not influence significantly the intake of food, water, or body mass of rats. The dose of 400 mg/kg/day produced undesired reactions (agitation and hyperesthesia) that were first observed on day 21 and lasted until the end of the experiment. Low subacute toxicity of eugenol was established following p.o. administration to rats. Eugenol in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg tm/day has a low toxic potential and is safe for administration to this animal species.Ispitivana je potencijalna toksičnost, odnosno opšta podnošljivost eugenola posle dvonedeljne i četvoronedeljne kontinuirane p.o. primene. Ogled je izveden na 72 mužjaka pacova soja vistar. Četiri grupe pacova tretirane su različitim dozama eugenola (10 mg/kg tm/dan, 50 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg i 400 mg/kg tm/dan), peta grupa dobijala je vehikulum (0,5 % metil-celuloza, propilen-glikol i voda), a šesta je bila kontrolna grupa. Odgovarajuće doze eugenola i vehikuluma aplikovane su gastričnom sondom u volumenu od 1 ml/100 g telesne mase. Opšta podnošljivost eugenola procenjivana je na osnovu dnevnog unosa vode i hrane, telesne mase, opšteg zdravstvenog stanja, ponaš anja i letaliteta tokom ogleda. U ispitivanim dozama eugenol primenjivan p.o. tokom dve ili četiri nedelje ne utiče značajno na unos hrane, vode i telesnu masu pacova. Doza od 400 mg/kg/dan dovela je do neželjenih reakcija (uznemirenost i hiperestezija) koje su prvi put zapažene 21. dana i trajale su do kraja ogleda. Ustanovljena je niska subakutna toksičnost eugenola posle p.o. primene kod pacova. Doze eugenola od 200 i 400 mg/kg tm/dan imaju nizak toksični potencijal i bezbedne su za primenu kod ove vrste životinja

Effect of extended oral administration of eugenol on hematological and some biochemical blood parameters in rats

Ispitivano je moguće hematotoksično, hepatotoksično i nefrotoksičano dejstvo eugenola kod pacova posle dvonedeljne i četvoronedeljne kontinuirane p.o. primene. Ogled je izveden na 72 mužjaka pacova soja Wistar podeljenih u šest grupa. Četiri grupe tretirane su različitim dozama eugenola (10 mg/kg tm/dan, 50 mg/kg tm/dan, 200 mg/kg tm/dan i 400 mg/kg tm/dan). Peta, kontrolna grupa dobijala je vehikulum (0,5% metil-celuloza, 20% propilen-glikol i voda), a šesta je bila apsolutna, netretirana kontrola. Eugenol i vehikulum aplikovani su gastričnom sondom, svakodnevno tokom četiri nedelje u količini od 1 ml/100 g telesne mase pacova. Krv je uzorkovana kardijalnom punkcijom anestetisanih pacova 14. i 28. dana ogleda u cilju određivanja hematoloških i biohemijskih parametara krvi: hematokrit, broj eritrocita, leukocita i trombocita, leukocitna formula, koncentracija hemoglobina, MCV, MCH, koncentracija proteina, albumina, uree, kreatinina, kao i aktivnost alanin-aminotransferaze (ALT), alkalne fosfataze (ALP) i kreatin-kinaze (CK). Rezultati su pokazali da eugenol primenjivan tokom dve i četiri nedelje u dozama od 10, 50, 200 i 400 mg/kg tm/dan ne ispoljava hematotoksično, hepatotoksično niti nefrotoksično dejstvo. Eugenol davan tokom četiri nedelje ne utiče značajno na broj eritrocita, koncentraciju hemoglobina, hematokrit, zapreminu eritrocita, broj leukocita i leukocitnu formulu. Primenjivan tokom dve nedelje, prouzrokuje značajno povećanje mase hemoglobina po eritrocitu. Ovaj efekat je nespecifičan i ne zavisi niti doze, niti od dužine tretmana. Doze eugenola od 10 i 200 mg/kg/dan primenjivane tokom četiri nedelje prouzrokuju značajno smanjenje broja trombocita, dok najviša ispitivana doza (400 mg/kg/dan) prouzrokuje značajno povećanje, u poređenju sa brojem trombocita kod pacova tretiranih dozom od 10 i 200 mg/kg/dan. Promene broja trombocita izazvane eugenolom kvalitativno su različite i ne zavise od doze, niti od dužine tretmana. Eugenol primenjivan tokom dve i četiri nedelje ne utiče značajno na proteinemiju, albuminemiju, koncentraciju uree i kreatinina, kao i aktivnost ALP u serumu pacova. Tri ispitivane doze eugenola (10, 50 i 200 mg/kg/dan) značajno smanjuju, dok najviša doza povećava aktivnost ALT. Eugenol aplikovan tokom četiri nedelje u dozi od 200 i 400 mg/kg prouzrokuje statistički značajno smanjenje aktivnosti CK.The possible haematotoxic, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of eugenol in rats after two-week and the four-week continuous use were tested. The experiment was conducted on 72 male Wistar rats divided into six equal groups. Four were treated with different doses of eugenol (10 mg/kg bw/day, 50 mg/kg/d, 200 mg/kg bw/d and 400 mg/kg bw/d), the control group received the vehikulum (0.5% methyl cellulose, 20% propylene glycol and water), and the sixth group was the absolute, untreated control. Eugenol and the vehikulum were administered with a gastric probe, on a daily basis, for four weeks at a rate of 1 ml/100 g body weight of rats. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture of the anesthetised rats on days 14 and 28 in order to assess the haematological and biochemical blood parameters: haematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell and platelet counts, leukocyte formula, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, total protein concentration, albumin, urea, creatinine, and the activity of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatine kinase (CK). The results showed that, having been applied for two and four weeks at doses of 10, 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw/day, eugenol did not show any haematotoxic, hepatotoxic or nephrotoxic effects. Eugenol administered for four weeks does not significantly affect the number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, red blood cell volume, leukocyte count and leukocyte formula. Applied for two weeks it caused a significant increase in the mass of haemoglobin in erythrocytes. This effect is not specific and does not depend on the dose or the treatment duration. Eugenol in doses of 10 and 200 mg/kg/day applied for four weeks caused a significant reduction in the number of platelets, whilst the highest dose tested (400 mg/kg/day) caused a significant increase in comparison to the number of platelets in rats treated with 10 and 200 mg/kg/day. Changes in the number of platelets induced by eugenol qualitatively different and are not related to dose or length of treatment. Eugenol applied for two and four weeks does not significantly affect proteinaemia, albuminaemia, serum urea and creatinine concentrations, and serum ALP activity in rats. Three assessed doses of eugenol (10, 50 and 200 mg/kg/d) significantly decreased, whereas the highest dose increased the ALT activity. However, eugenol applied for four weeks at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg/d caused a statistically significant decrease in CK activity

UTICAJ PRODUŽENE PERORALNE PRIMENE EUGENOLA NA HEMATOLOŠKE I NEKE BIOHEMIJSKE PARAMETRE KRVI KOD PACOVA

Ispitivano je moguće hematotoksično, hepatotoksično i nefrotoksičano dejstvo eugenolakod pacova posle dvonedeljne i četvoronedeljne kontinuirane p.o. primene.Ogled je izveden na 72 mužjaka pacova soja Wistar podeljenih u šest grupa. Četirigrupe tretirane su različitim dozama eugenola (10 mg/kg tm/dan, 50 mg/kg tm/dan,200 mg/kg tm/dan i 400 mg/kg tm/dan). Peta, kontrolna grupa dobijala je vehikulum(0,5% metil-celuloza, 20% propilen-glikol i voda), a šesta je bila apsolutna, netretiranakontrola. Eugenol i vehikulum aplikovani su gastričnom sondom, svakodnevno tokomčetiri nedelje u količini od 1 ml/100 g telesne mase pacova. Krv je uzorkovanakardijalnom punkcijom anestetisanih pacova 14. i 28. dana ogleda u cilju određivanjahematoloških i biohemijskih parametara krvi: hematokrit, broj eritrocita, leukocita itrombocita, leukocitna formula, koncentracija hemoglobina, MCV, MCH, koncentracijaproteina, albumina, uree, kreatinina, kao i aktivnost alanin-aminotransferaze (ALT),alkalne fosfataze (ALP) i kreatin-kinaze (CK).Rezultati su pokazali da eugenol primenjivan tokom dve i četiri nedelje u dozamaod 10, 50, 200 i 400 mg/kg tm/dan ne ispoljava hematotoksično, hepatotoksično nitinefrotoksično dejstvo. Eugenol davan tokom četiri nedelje ne utiče značajno na brojeritrocita, koncentraciju hemoglobina, hematokrit, zapreminu eritrocita, brojleukocita i leukocitnu formulu. Primenjivan tokom dve nedelje, prouzrokuje značajnopovećanje mase hemoglobina po eritrocitu. Ovaj efekat je nespecifičan i ne zavisi nitidoze, niti od dužine tretmana. Doze eugenola od 10 i 200 mg/kg/dan primenjivanetokom četiri nedelje prouzrokuju značajno smanjenje broja trombocita, dok najvišaispitivana doza (400 mg/kg/dan) prouzrokuje značajno povećanje, u poređenju sabrojem trombocita kod pacova tretiranih dozom od 10 i 200 mg/kg/dan. Promenebroja trombocita izazvane eugenolom kvalitativno su različite i ne zavise od doze, nitiod dužine tretmana. Eugenol primenjivan tokom dve i četiri nedelje ne utiče značajnona proteinemiju, albuminemiju, koncentraciju uree i kreatinina, kao i aktivnost ALP userumu pacova.Tri ispitivane doze eugenola (10, 50 i 200 mg/kg/dan) značajno smanjuju, doknajviša doza povećava aktivnost ALT. Eugenol aplikovan tokom četiri nedelje u doziod 200 i 400 mg/kg prouzrokuje statistički značajno smanjenje aktivnosti CK

Isolation and detection of Listeria monocytogenes in poultry meat by standard culture methods and PCR

Listeria is the genus of a bacteria found in soil and water and some animals, including poultry and cattle. It can be present in raw milk and food made from raw milk. It can also live in food processing plants and contaminate a variety of processed meats. Microscopically, Listeria species appear as small, Gram-positive rods, which are sometimes arranged in short chains. In direct smears, they can be coccoid, so they can be mistaken for streptococci. Longer cells can resemble corynebacteria. Flagella are produced at room temperature but not at 37 degrees C. Haemolytic activity on blood agar has been used as a marker to distinguish Listeria monocytogenes among other Listeria species, but it is not an absolutely definitive criterion. Further biochemical characterization is necessary to distinguish between the different Listeria species. The objective of this study was to detect, isolate and identify Listeria monocytogenes from poultry meat. Within a period of six months from January to June 2017, a total of 15 samples were collected. Three samples were positive for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. Biochemical and microbiological tests as well as PCR technique using specific primers were used to confirm L. Monocytogenes in the samples

Distribution of locomotor lesions in dairy cows in Serbia

Lameness causes significant economic losses in dairy cows. Lesions of the foot are the cause of about 85% of all lameness in dairy cows. In addition, lameness can be localized in other places of the locomotor system such as joints, muscles, and skin. The aim of this study was to show the distribution of locomotor lesions in dairy cows. A total of 144 Simmental dairy cows (36 primiparous and 108 multiparous) from 10 small dairy farms located in the Macva district, Serbia were observed during regular hoof trimming. All cows were housed in a tiedholding system. The clinical examination focused on all possible alternations on the observed hooves and legs. Lesions of the horn, skin, joints, and leg injuries were noted. Of the 144 animals presenting for a hoof trim, 49 cows (34.0%) had no locomotor lesions noted. In this study, lesions were present in 95 (66,0%) of all examined cows. Locomotor lesions of the horn were detected in 82.4% (61/74 of cases), skin 2.7%, joints in 10.8%, and leg injuries in 4.05% of the cases in multiparous cows. Thus, lesions of the horn were detected in 61.9% (13/21 of cases), skin 4.7%, joint in 23.8% and leg injuries in 9.5% of the cases in primiparous cows. Our results show that lesions on the hooves are the most dominant site of the locomotor system.Book of abstract

Viral hepatitis E: A disease of humans and animals

The hepatitis E virus is ubiquitous in all parts of the world where pig production exists. The infection occurs in several animal species and its course is mostly asymptomatic. Viral strains isolated from pigs and humans are genetically similar, which indicates a potential zoonotic nature of the disease, and the possibility that pigs, and perhaps also other species of animals diseased with viral hepatitis E are a source of infection to humans. The pig hepatitis E virus, which is similar to the hepatitis E virus in humans, was isolated and described for the first time in the USA in 1997. The infection of pigs with hepatitis E virus occurs through faeco-oral transmission, by ingestion of feed and water contaminated with the virus, or through direct contact between infected and healthy animals. The pathogenesis of this infection in pigs differs from its pathogenesis in humans and it has not been sufficiently examined in all its aspects. Even though viral hepatitis E in pigs has been described as a subclinical disease, some authors describe changes in the concentration of certain biochemical parameters in blood serum of the infected pigs. Histologically, a mild to moderate lymphotic-plasma cellular infiltration is observed in livers of infected pigs, as well as focal areas of hepatocyte necrosis. Viral hepatitis E is an endemic disease of humans in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In developed countries, hepatitis E sporadically occurs in humans, but it is becoming of increasing importance in particular in Japan, North America, and Europe, because the populations of these areas travel extensively to the endemic regions or as a result of the consumption of thermally untreated meat of wild boar and products made from thermally untreated meat. Pork products can be contaminated with hepatitis E virus. Further proof that indicates the zoonotic potential of this virus and places this diseases among the group of professional diseases of farmers and veterinarians is the finding of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in farmers and veterinarians who work on pig farms without showing any clinical signs of the disease. Having in mind the fact that viral hepatitis E has been proven in pig farms in Serbia and neighboruign countries, there should be strict respect of biosecutiry measures from the episootiological and epidemiological aspects, and the principle of good production and hygiene practice should be adhered to on pig farms. This disease should in future also be included in the legal regulations of our country in order to ensure the production of products of animal origin that are safe from the aspect of hygiene. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 46009 i br. TR 31062

Uporedno ispitivanje efikasnosti tulatromicina i florfenikola u lečenju bronhopneumonije junadi

The clinical efficacy of tulathromycin (TU) and florfenicol (FL) in the treatment of bronchopneumonia (BP) caused by Pasteurella multocida which was isolated from nose swabs of diseased calves has been examined. The symptoms of bronchopneumonia (BP) were quantified by means of the clinical score (CS) with a maximum of 47 points. In the current investigation the average CS in diseased calves was 23.5± 0.15. The clinical efficacy of TU and FL was assessed every day in the first week after the administration of the drugs and was based on the decrease in CS and on microbiological findings on days 7, 28 and 35 after the completion of therapy. Tulathromycin was administered s.c., in the prescribed therapeutic dose (2.5 mg/kg BW), and florfenicol s.c., twice at a 48 h interval, in its respective therapeutic dose (40 mg/kg BW). In spite of the repeated administration of FL, TU was significantly more rapid to decrease the major clinical symptoms in the first four days following the application, in comparison with FL (P lt 0.05). On the fourth day after the administration, the clinical efficacy of TU in the therapy of BP in calves was 43.4±1.5 %, and of florfenicol 27.2±1.6 %. However, five days after the application of TU and two days after the repeated application of FL the assessed clinical efficacy of the two antibiotics was roughly the same. The average efficacy of TU was 57.1±0.0%, and of florfenicol 58.5±0.0%, both the individual and mean CS in the treated calves was 10 points, due to hyperthermia, which remained the only symptom. Six days after the administration of TU and three days after the repeated application of FL both antibiotics had equal maximum efficacy (100%) in the treatment of BP. The clinical efficacy remained unchanged on day seven. The recovery was confirmed by the absence of P. multocida in nose swabs sampled on the seventh day after the initial treatment. However, in 4 calves (21.05 %) of the 19 treated Streptococcus alpha haemolyticus was isolated. Four weeks after the completion of the treatment with TU and FL the recurrence of BP caused by P. multocida was noted in 30% of calves treated with TU and 22.22% with FL. Seven days after a single administration of TU and FL, all clinical symptoms of recurrent BP and the microbiological findings were negative. Given the obtained results of the investigation on the efficacy of TU and FL in calves, TU can be recommended as the drug of first choice in the treatment of BP caused by P. multocida. Its insufficient clinical efficacy in the first three days following the application may be enhanced by simultaneous administration of NSAID and bronchodilators.Ispitivana je klinička efikasnost tulatromicina (TU) i florfenikola (FL) u lečenju bronhopneumonije (BP) prouzrokovane vrstom Pasteurella multocida, izolovanom iz briseva nosa junadi. Simptomi BP su kvantifikovani da bi se dobio klinički skor (KS) koji definiše težinu kliničke slike kod životinja. Prema korišćenoj skali maksimalna vrednost KS parametara BP iznosi 47 bodova. U našem ogledu, vrednost prosečnog KS kod obolele junadi iznosila je 23,5±0,15. Klinička efikasnost TU i FL procenjivana je svakodnevno, tokom sedam dana, na osnovu povlačenja kliničkih simptoma (smanjivanje vrednosti KS) i prisustva prouzrokovača BP u brisevima nosa 7, 28. i 35. dana od ukidanja terapije. Tulatromicin je aplikovan s.c., jednokratno u terapijskoj dozi od 2,5 mg/kg, a florfenikol s.c., dvokratno u razmaku od 48 h u terapijskoj dozi od 40 mg/kg tm. U ovom ispitivanju TU je u prva četri dana od aplikacije značajno brže od FL (P lt 0,05) dovodio do povlačenja bitnih kliničkih simptoma, iako je aplikacija FL u tom periodu ponovljena. Klinička efikasnost TU u lečenju BP junadi četvrtog dana od primene iznosila je 43,4±1,5 %, a florfenikola 27,2±1,6 %. Međutim, petog dana od aplikacije TU i FL i drugog dana od druge aplikacije FL ustanovljena je približno ista klinička efikasnost ovih antimikrobnih lekova u lečenju BP. Prosečna efikasnost TU bila je 57,1±0,0%, a FL 58,5± 0,0%. Vrednost individualnog i prosečnog KS kod junadi lečene TU i FL iznosila je 10 bodova. Od kliničkih simptoma jedino se hipertermija nije povukla. Šestog dana od aplikacije TU i FL i trećeg dana od druge aplikacije FL oba antibiotika imala su podjednaku, maksimalnu (100%) kliničku efikasnost u lečenju BP. Ista klinička efikasnost zabeležena je i sedmog dana ogleda. Izlečenje je potvrđeno odsustvom P. multocida u brisevima uzetim sedmog dana od početka lečenja. Međutim, kod 4 juneta (21,05 %) od ukupno 19 izolovan je Streptococcus alpha haemolyticus. Četiri nedelje od obustavljanja primene TU i FL uočen je recidiv BP prouzrokovane P. multocida kod 30% junadi lečene TU i 22,22% lečene FL. Posle jednokratne primene TU i FL, sedmog dana su se povukli svi klinički simptomi recidivirajuće BP, a mikrobiološki nalaz bio je negativan. Sumirajući rezultate dobijene uporednim ispitivanjem efikasnosti TU i FL u lečenju BP junadi prouzrokovane P. multocida predlažemo da se TU koristi kao lek prvog izbora u lečenju ove respiratorne infekcije. Njegova efikasnost, nedovoljna u prva tri dana od aplikacije, može da se poveća istovremenom primenom lekova iz grupe NSAIL i bronhodilatatora