47 research outputs found
Pathological, mycological and molecular research into the organs of turkey poults of various immunological status following artificial infection with Aspergillus fumigatus spores
Aspergiloza Äuraka je jedno od najvažnijih respiratornih oboljenja, naroÄito kod
najmlaÄe kategorije, koje može da prouzrokuje znaÄajne ekonomske gubitke zbog
mortaliteta i niskih proizvodnih performansi. U prirodnim uslovima infekcija nastaje
aerogeno, tj. udisanjem velikog broja germinativnih oblika spora Aspergillus fumigatus
u kratkom vremenskom periodu ili dugotrajnim izlaganjem respiratornog sistema niskoj
koncentraciji u kontaminiranom vazduhu. PredisponirajuÄi faktori za nastanak
aspergiloze kod Äuraka, pored virusnih i bakterijskih infekciija jesu: slab imuni status
nastao zbog duže primene antibakterijskih lekova, kontinuirano izlaganje stresogenim
faktorima (uÄestala vakcinacija, loÅ” kvalitet hrane), izlaganje loÅ”im ambijentalnim i
sanitarnim uslovima uzgoja.
Iako postoji mnogo radova o aspergilozi ÄuriÄa, malo se zna o patogenezi bolesti
i patomorfoloÅ”kim promenama u razliÄitim tkivima kod imunosuprimiranih ptica.
ImajuÄi to u vidu zadatak ovog rada bio je da u eksperimentalnim uslovima ispita
zdravstveno stanje, nastanak patomorfoloŔkih promena i diseminaciju Aspergillus
fumigatus u razliÄitim organima kod imunosuprimiranih i imunokompetentnih ÄuriÄa.
Ogled je izveden na ukupno 90 ÄuriÄa oba pola, provenijencije āConverterā,
podeljenih u Äetiri grupe: ogledna grupa 1 (O-1) i ogledna grupa 2 (O-2) sa po 30
jedinki i kontrolne grupe 1 (K-1) i 2 (K-2) sa po 15 jedinki u svakoj. Ispitivanja su
obavljena 1, 3, 7, 14. i 21. dana nakon intratrahealne inokulacije 5,056Ć107 spora A.
fumigatus 14 dana starim ÄuriÄima grupe O-1, kao i grupe O-2, koja je prethodno
tretirana deksametazonom u dozi od 4mg/kg telesne mase intramuskularno u trajanju od
Ŕest uzastopnih dana...Aspergillosis is one of the most important respiratory diseases of turkeys,
especially in the youngest age category. It may lead to significant economic losses due
to mortality and poor production performance. In natural conditions the infection is
aerogenous, that is, it occurs following the inhalation of large numbers of Aspergillus
fumigatus germinating spores in a short period of time, or by long-lasting exposure of
the respiratory system to their low concentrations in air. Apart from virus and bacterial
infections, the predisposing factors for the emergence of aspergillosis in turkeys are:
low immune status due to long-lasting use of antibacterial drugs, continual exposure to
stressogenic factors (frequent vaccination, poor feed quality), and exposure to poor
ambient and sanitary conditions of rearing.
In spite of plenty works about turkey aspergillosis, little is known about the
pathogenesis of the disease and the pathomorphological changes in various tissues in
immunosuppressed birds. Having considered these, this work was aimed at the research
into the health status, development of pathological changes and dissemination of
Aspergillus fumigatus in various organs of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent
turkey poults in experimental conditions.
The experiment was performed on 90 turkey poults of both sexes, of the
Converter hybrid, divided into four groups: treated groups 1 (O-1) and 2 (O-2) with 30
specimens in each, and the two control groups ā group 1 (K-1) and group 2 (K-2) - each
consisting of 15 birds. The analyses were done on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after
intratracheal inoculation of 5.056Ć107 A. fumigatus spores to 14-day-old poults of group
O-1 and those of O-2, which were intramuscularly administered dexamethasone in the
dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, on six consecutive days..
The assessment of tolerability of prolonged oral eugenol administration in rats
The potential toxicity and general tolerability of eugenol following two-week
or four-week continuous p.o. administration to rats has been investigated. An
experiment was performed on 72 male rats of the Wistar strain. Four groups of
rats were treated with different doses of eugenol (10 mg/kg bm/day, 50 mg/kg,
200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg bm/day), the fifth group was administered vehicle
(0.5 % methylcellulose, propylene glycol and water), and the sixth group
comprised absolutely untreated controls. The corresponding doses of eugenol
and vehicle were applied using a gastric probe in a volume of 1 ml/100 g body
mass. The general tolerability of eugenol was evaluated on the basis of the
daily intake of water and food, body mass, general health condition,
behaviour, and lethality in the course of the experiment. In the investigated
doses, eugenol applied p.o. in the course of two or four weeks does not
influence significantly the intake of food, water, or body mass of rats. The
dose of 400 mg/kg/day produced undesired reactions (agitation and
hyperesthesia) that were first observed on day 21 and lasted until the end of
the experiment. Low subacute toxicity of eugenol was established following
p.o. administration to rats. Eugenol in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg tm/day has
a low toxic potential and is safe for administration to this animal species.
[Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 46009
Faktori koji utiÄu na terapijsku efikasnost i bezbednost lekova
According to the Law on medicines and medicinal devices, veterinary drugs must be of high quality, efficacy and safety to be suitable for use on animals. However, there are numerous factors which can alter the intensity of drugs and their established therapeutic efficacy and safety. These factors may depend on the patients themselves i.e. animals (species, age, sex, physiological state, impaired functions of organs involved in the elimination of drugs, diseases of other organ systems, nutrition, genetic disorders, individual variaĀtions, tolerance etc.), veterinary surgeons (use of the drug which is not in accordance with the instructions - 'off-label use', improper selection of a drug or drug combination intended for a certain animal species or pathological condition, inadequate drug administration route, inadequate drug dosage and duration of therapy) and the drug itself (inappropriate formulation, bioavailability, instability of formulation, diminishing drug action due to external factors). Not following the instructions on using a drug and incorrect application may affect the rate and extent of the drug absorption. The route of the administration of a pharmaceutical product is defined in clinical trials, and depends on the physical and chemical properties of the active ingredient, characteristics of the pharmaceutical formulation and the anatomical and physiological characteristics of application sites which enable absorption. An adequate drug administration ensures a predictable level and rate of absorption from the application site, drug concentration at the sites of its action and pharmacological response or therapeutic efficacy. Concomitant use of multiple drugs in the same patient should be avoided because of possible interactions (antagonism or sinergism) which may decrease the activity of a drug and its effectiveness or increase them including appearance of drug toxicity. In addition, mixing drugs in an infusion system or a syringe should be avoided because the absence of visible interaction does not mean that the drugs applied are compatible.Prema Zakonu o lekovima i medicinskim sredstvima veterinarski lekovi moraju da budu kvalitetni, dovoljno efikasni i bezbedni za primenu na životinjama. MeÄutim, brojni su faktori koji mogu da menjaju jaÄinu dejstva leka, ustanovljenu terapijsku efikasnost i bezbednost. Ovi faktori mogu da potiÄu od samog pacijenta - životinje (vrsta, uzrast, pol, fizioloÅ”ko stanje, poremeÄena funkcija organa za eliminaciju lekova, oboljenja drugih organskih sistema, ishrana, genetski poremeÄaji, individualne varijacije, tolerancija itd.), veterinara (upotreba leka koja nije u skladu sa uputstvom - 'off label use', nepravilan izbor leka ili kombinacije lekova za vrstu životinje ili patoloÅ”ko stanje, neadekvatan naÄin aplikacije leka, neodgovarajuÄa doza leka i dužina primene, inkompatibilnost i interakcija) i samog leka (neodgovarajuÄa formulacija, niska bioloÅ”ka raspoloživost, nestabilnost formulacija, slabljenje dejstva leka pod uticajem spoljaÅ”njih faktora). Nepridržavanje preporuÄenog uputstva o naÄinu aplikacije leka, kao i nepravilna aplikacija može da utiÄe na brzinu i stepen apsorpcije leka. Sam naÄin aplikacije gotovog leka definisan je tokom njegovog kliniÄkog ispitivanja, i zavisi od fiziÄko-hemijskih osobina lekovite supstance, karakteristika farmaceutske formulacije i anatomskih i fizioloÅ”kih osobina mesta aplikacije koja obezbeÄuju apsorpciju. Primena leka na preporuÄen naÄin omoguÄava predvidljiv stepen i brzinu apsorpcije sa mesta primene, koncentraciju leka na mestu delovanja i farmakoloÅ”ki odgovor, odnosno terapijsku efikasnost. Treba da se izbegava istovremena primena viÅ”e lekova kod istog pacijenta zbog moguÄe interakcije (antagonizam ili sinergizam) koja smanjuje aktivnost leka i njegovu efikasnost ili mu, pak, pojaÄava efekat ukljuÄujuÄi i pojavu toksiÄnosti. TakoÄe, treba da se izbegava meÅ”anje lekova u infuzionom sistemu ili brizgalici, jer odsustvo vidljivih reakcija ne znaÄi da je meÅ”avina lekova kompatibilna
Ispitivanje podnoŔljivosti produžene peroralne primene eugenola kod pacova
The potential toxicity and general tolerability of eugenol following two-week or four-week continuous p.o. administration to rats has been investigated. An experiment was performed on 72 male rats of the Wistar strain. Four groups of rats were treated with different doses of eugenol (10 mg/kg bm/day, 50 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg bm/day), the fifth group was administered vehicle (0.5 % methylcellulose, propylene glycol and water), and the sixth group comprised absolutely untreated controls. The corresponding doses of eugenol and vehicle were applied using a gastric probe in a volume of 1 ml/100 g body mass. The general tolerability of eugenol was evaluated on the basis of the daily intake of water and food, body mass, general health condition, behaviour, and lethality in the course of the experiment. In the investigated doses, eugenol applied p.o. in the course of two or four weeks does not influence significantly the intake of food, water, or body mass of rats. The dose of 400 mg/kg/day produced undesired reactions (agitation and hyperesthesia) that were first observed on day 21 and lasted until the end of the experiment. Low subacute toxicity of eugenol was established following p.o. administration to rats. Eugenol in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg tm/day has a low toxic potential and is safe for administration to this animal species.Ispitivana je potencijalna toksiÄnost, odnosno opÅ”ta podnoÅ”ljivost eugenola posle dvonedeljne i Äetvoronedeljne kontinuirane p.o. primene. Ogled je izveden na 72 mužjaka pacova soja vistar. Äetiri grupe pacova tretirane su razliÄitim dozama eugenola (10 mg/kg tm/dan, 50 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg i 400 mg/kg tm/dan), peta grupa dobijala je vehikulum (0,5 % metil-celuloza, propilen-glikol i voda), a Å”esta je bila kontrolna grupa. OdgovarajuÄe doze eugenola i vehikuluma aplikovane su gastriÄnom sondom u volumenu od 1 ml/100 g telesne mase. OpÅ”ta podnoÅ”ljivost eugenola procenjivana je na osnovu dnevnog unosa vode i hrane, telesne mase, opÅ”teg zdravstvenog stanja, ponaÅ” anja i letaliteta tokom ogleda. U ispitivanim dozama eugenol primenjivan p.o. tokom dve ili Äetiri nedelje ne utiÄe znaÄajno na unos hrane, vode i telesnu masu pacova. Doza od 400 mg/kg/dan dovela je do neželjenih reakcija (uznemirenost i hiperestezija) koje su prvi put zapažene 21. dana i trajale su do kraja ogleda. Ustanovljena je niska subakutna toksiÄnost eugenola posle p.o. primene kod pacova. Doze eugenola od 200 i 400 mg/kg tm/dan imaju nizak toksiÄni potencijal i bezbedne su za primenu kod ove vrste životinja
Effect of extended oral administration of eugenol on hematological and some biochemical blood parameters in rats
Ispitivano je moguÄe hematotoksiÄno, hepatotoksiÄno i nefrotoksiÄano dejstvo eugenola
kod pacova posle dvonedeljne i Äetvoronedeljne kontinuirane p.o. primene.
Ogled je izveden na 72 mužjaka pacova soja Wistar podeljenih u Å”est grupa. Äetiri
grupe tretirane su razliÄitim dozama eugenola (10 mg/kg tm/dan, 50 mg/kg tm/dan,
200 mg/kg tm/dan i 400 mg/kg tm/dan). Peta, kontrolna grupa dobijala je vehikulum
(0,5% metil-celuloza, 20% propilen-glikol i voda), a Ŕesta je bila apsolutna, netretirana
kontrola. Eugenol i vehikulum aplikovani su gastriÄnom sondom, svakodnevno tokom
Äetiri nedelje u koliÄini od 1 ml/100 g telesne mase pacova. Krv je uzorkovana
kardijalnom punkcijom anestetisanih pacova 14. i 28. dana ogleda u cilju odreÄivanja
hematoloŔkih i biohemijskih parametara krvi: hematokrit, broj eritrocita, leukocita i
trombocita, leukocitna formula, koncentracija hemoglobina, MCV, MCH, koncentracija
proteina, albumina, uree, kreatinina, kao i aktivnost alanin-aminotransferaze (ALT),
alkalne fosfataze (ALP) i kreatin-kinaze (CK). Rezultati su pokazali da eugenol primenjivan tokom dve i Äetiri nedelje u dozama
od 10, 50, 200 i 400 mg/kg tm/dan ne ispoljava hematotoksiÄno, hepatotoksiÄno niti
nefrotoksiÄno dejstvo. Eugenol davan tokom Äetiri nedelje ne utiÄe znaÄajno na broj
eritrocita, koncentraciju hemoglobina, hematokrit, zapreminu eritrocita, broj
leukocita i leukocitnu formulu. Primenjivan tokom dve nedelje, prouzrokuje znaÄajno
poveÄanje mase hemoglobina po eritrocitu. Ovaj efekat je nespecifiÄan i ne zavisi niti
doze, niti od dužine tretmana. Doze eugenola od 10 i 200 mg/kg/dan primenjivane
tokom Äetiri nedelje prouzrokuju znaÄajno smanjenje broja trombocita, dok najviÅ”a
ispitivana doza (400 mg/kg/dan) prouzrokuje znaÄajno poveÄanje, u poreÄenju sa
brojem trombocita kod pacova tretiranih dozom od 10 i 200 mg/kg/dan. Promene
broja trombocita izazvane eugenolom kvalitativno su razliÄite i ne zavise od doze, niti
od dužine tretmana. Eugenol primenjivan tokom dve i Äetiri nedelje ne utiÄe znaÄajno na proteinemiju, albuminemiju, koncentraciju uree i kreatinina, kao i aktivnost ALP u
serumu pacova.
Tri ispitivane doze eugenola (10, 50 i 200 mg/kg/dan) znaÄajno smanjuju, dok
najviÅ”a doza poveÄava aktivnost ALT. Eugenol aplikovan tokom Äetiri nedelje u dozi
od 200 i 400 mg/kg prouzrokuje statistiÄki znaÄajno smanjenje aktivnosti CK.The possible haematotoxic, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of eugenol in
rats after two-week and the four-week continuous use were tested. The experiment
was conducted on 72 male Wistar rats divided into six equal groups. Four were
treated with different doses of eugenol (10 mg/kg bw/day, 50 mg/kg/d, 200 mg/kg
bw/d and 400 mg/kg bw/d), the control group received the vehikulum (0.5%
methyl cellulose, 20% propylene glycol and water), and the sixth group was the
absolute, untreated control. Eugenol and the vehikulum were administered with a
gastric probe, on a daily basis, for four weeks at a rate of 1 ml/100 g body weight of
rats. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture of the anesthetised rats on days 14
and 28 in order to assess the haematological and biochemical blood parameters:
haematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell and platelet counts, leukocyte
formula, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, total protein concentration, albumin, urea,
creatinine, and the activity of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) and creatine kinase (CK).
The results showed that, having been applied for two and four weeks at doses of 10,
50, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw/day, eugenol did not show any haematotoxic, hepatotoxic
or nephrotoxic effects. Eugenol administered for four weeks does not significantly
affect the number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, red blood cell volume, leukocyte count and leukocyte formula. Applied for two weeks it caused a
significant increase in the mass of haemoglobin in erythrocytes. This effect is not
specific and does not depend on the dose or the treatment duration. Eugenol in doses
of 10 and 200 mg/kg/day applied for four weeks caused a significant reduction in the
number of platelets, whilst the highest dose tested (400 mg/kg/day) caused a
significant increase in comparison to the number of platelets in rats treated with 10
and 200 mg/kg/day. Changes in the number of platelets induced by eugenol
qualitatively different and are not related to dose or length of treatment.
Eugenol applied for two and four weeks does not significantly affect proteinaemia,
albuminaemia, serum urea and creatinine concentrations, and serum ALP
activity in rats. Three assessed doses of eugenol (10, 50 and 200 mg/kg/d)
significantly decreased, whereas the highest dose increased the ALT activity.
However, eugenol applied for four weeks at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg/d caused
a statistically significant decrease in CK activity
UTICAJ PRODUŽENE PERORALNE PRIMENE EUGENOLA NA HEMATOLOŠKE I NEKE BIOHEMIJSKE PARAMETRE KRVI KOD PACOVA
Ispitivano je moguÄe hematotoksiÄno, hepatotoksiÄno i nefrotoksiÄano dejstvo eugenolakod pacova posle dvonedeljne i Äetvoronedeljne kontinuirane p.o. primene.Ogled je izveden na 72 mužjaka pacova soja Wistar podeljenih u Å”est grupa. Äetirigrupe tretirane su razliÄitim dozama eugenola (10 mg/kg tm/dan, 50 mg/kg tm/dan,200 mg/kg tm/dan i 400 mg/kg tm/dan). Peta, kontrolna grupa dobijala je vehikulum(0,5% metil-celuloza, 20% propilen-glikol i voda), a Å”esta je bila apsolutna, netretiranakontrola. Eugenol i vehikulum aplikovani su gastriÄnom sondom, svakodnevno tokomÄetiri nedelje u koliÄini od 1 ml/100 g telesne mase pacova. Krv je uzorkovanakardijalnom punkcijom anestetisanih pacova 14. i 28. dana ogleda u cilju odreÄivanjahematoloÅ”kih i biohemijskih parametara krvi: hematokrit, broj eritrocita, leukocita itrombocita, leukocitna formula, koncentracija hemoglobina, MCV, MCH, koncentracijaproteina, albumina, uree, kreatinina, kao i aktivnost alanin-aminotransferaze (ALT),alkalne fosfataze (ALP) i kreatin-kinaze (CK).Rezultati su pokazali da eugenol primenjivan tokom dve i Äetiri nedelje u dozamaod 10, 50, 200 i 400 mg/kg tm/dan ne ispoljava hematotoksiÄno, hepatotoksiÄno nitinefrotoksiÄno dejstvo. Eugenol davan tokom Äetiri nedelje ne utiÄe znaÄajno na brojeritrocita, koncentraciju hemoglobina, hematokrit, zapreminu eritrocita, brojleukocita i leukocitnu formulu. Primenjivan tokom dve nedelje, prouzrokuje znaÄajnopoveÄanje mase hemoglobina po eritrocitu. Ovaj efekat je nespecifiÄan i ne zavisi nitidoze, niti od dužine tretmana. Doze eugenola od 10 i 200 mg/kg/dan primenjivanetokom Äetiri nedelje prouzrokuju znaÄajno smanjenje broja trombocita, dok najviÅ”aispitivana doza (400 mg/kg/dan) prouzrokuje znaÄajno poveÄanje, u poreÄenju sabrojem trombocita kod pacova tretiranih dozom od 10 i 200 mg/kg/dan. Promenebroja trombocita izazvane eugenolom kvalitativno su razliÄite i ne zavise od doze, nitiod dužine tretmana. Eugenol primenjivan tokom dve i Äetiri nedelje ne utiÄe znaÄajnona proteinemiju, albuminemiju, koncentraciju uree i kreatinina, kao i aktivnost ALP userumu pacova.Tri ispitivane doze eugenola (10, 50 i 200 mg/kg/dan) znaÄajno smanjuju, doknajviÅ”a doza poveÄava aktivnost ALT. Eugenol aplikovan tokom Äetiri nedelje u doziod 200 i 400 mg/kg prouzrokuje statistiÄki znaÄajno smanjenje aktivnosti CK
Isolation and detection of Listeria monocytogenes in poultry meat by standard culture methods and PCR
Listeria is the genus of a bacteria found in soil and water and some animals, including poultry and cattle. It can be present in raw milk and food made from raw milk. It can also live in food processing plants and contaminate a variety of processed meats. Microscopically, Listeria species appear as small, Gram-positive rods, which are sometimes arranged in short chains. In direct smears, they can be coccoid, so they can be mistaken for streptococci. Longer cells can resemble corynebacteria. Flagella are produced at room temperature but not at 37 degrees C. Haemolytic activity on blood agar has been used as a marker to distinguish Listeria monocytogenes among other Listeria species, but it is not an absolutely definitive criterion. Further biochemical characterization is necessary to distinguish between the different Listeria species. The objective of this study was to detect, isolate and identify Listeria monocytogenes from poultry meat. Within a period of six months from January to June 2017, a total of 15 samples were collected. Three samples were positive for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. Biochemical and microbiological tests as well as PCR technique using specific primers were used to confirm L. Monocytogenes in the samples
Distribution of locomotor lesions in dairy cows in Serbia
Lameness causes significant economic losses in dairy cows. Lesions of the foot are the cause
of about 85% of all lameness in dairy cows. In addition, lameness can be localized in other
places of the locomotor system such as joints, muscles, and skin. The aim of this study was to
show the distribution of locomotor lesions in dairy cows. A total of 144 Simmental dairy
cows (36 primiparous and 108 multiparous) from 10 small dairy farms located in the Macva
district, Serbia were observed during regular hoof trimming. All cows were housed in a tiedholding
system. The clinical examination focused on all possible alternations on the observed
hooves and legs. Lesions of the horn, skin, joints, and leg injuries were noted. Of the 144
animals presenting for a hoof trim, 49 cows (34.0%) had no locomotor lesions noted. In this
study, lesions were present in 95 (66,0%) of all examined cows. Locomotor lesions of the
horn were detected in 82.4% (61/74 of cases), skin 2.7%, joints in 10.8%, and leg injuries in
4.05% of the cases in multiparous cows. Thus, lesions of the horn were detected in 61.9%
(13/21 of cases), skin 4.7%, joint in 23.8% and leg injuries in 9.5% of the cases in
primiparous cows. Our results show that lesions on the hooves are the most dominant site of
the locomotor system.Book of abstract
Viral hepatitis E: A disease of humans and animals
The hepatitis E virus is ubiquitous in all parts of the world where pig
production exists. The infection occurs in several animal species and its
course is mostly asymptomatic. Viral strains isolated from pigs and humans
are genetically similar, which indicates a potential zoonotic nature of the
disease, and the possibility that pigs, and perhaps also other species of
animals diseased with viral hepatitis E are a source of infection to humans.
The pig hepatitis E virus, which is similar to the hepatitis E virus in
humans, was isolated and described for the first time in the USA in 1997. The
infection of pigs with hepatitis E virus occurs through faeco-oral
transmission, by ingestion of feed and water contaminated with the virus, or
through direct contact between infected and healthy animals. The pathogenesis
of this infection in pigs differs from its pathogenesis in humans and it has
not been sufficiently examined in all its aspects. Even though viral
hepatitis E in pigs has been described as a subclinical disease, some authors
describe changes in the concentration of certain biochemical parameters in
blood serum of the infected pigs. Histologically, a mild to moderate
lymphotic-plasma cellular infiltration is observed in livers of infected
pigs, as well as focal areas of hepatocyte necrosis. Viral hepatitis E is an
endemic disease of humans in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In developed
countries, hepatitis E sporadically occurs in humans, but it is becoming of
increasing importance in particular in Japan, North America, and Europe,
because the populations of these areas travel extensively to the endemic
regions or as a result of the consumption of thermally untreated meat of wild
boar and products made from thermally untreated meat. Pork products can be
contaminated with hepatitis E virus. Further proof that indicates the
zoonotic potential of this virus and places this diseases among the group of
professional diseases of farmers and veterinarians is the finding of
antibodies to hepatitis E virus in farmers and veterinarians who work on pig
farms without showing any clinical signs of the disease. Having in mind the
fact that viral hepatitis E has been proven in pig farms in Serbia and
neighboruign countries, there should be strict respect of biosecutiry
measures from the episootiological and epidemiological aspects, and the
principle of good production and hygiene practice should be adhered to on pig
farms. This disease should in future also be included in the legal
regulations of our country in order to ensure the production of products of
animal origin that are safe from the aspect of hygiene. [Projekat
Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 46009 i br. TR 31062
Uporedno ispitivanje efikasnosti tulatromicina i florfenikola u leÄenju bronhopneumonije junadi
The clinical efficacy of tulathromycin (TU) and florfenicol (FL) in the treatment of bronchopneumonia (BP) caused by Pasteurella multocida which was isolated from nose swabs of diseased calves has been examined. The symptoms of bronchopneumonia (BP) were quantified by means of the clinical score (CS) with a maximum of 47 points. In the current investigation the average CS in diseased calves was 23.5Ā± 0.15. The clinical efficacy of TU and FL was assessed every day in the first week after the administration of the drugs and was based on the decrease in CS and on microbiological findings on days 7, 28 and 35 after the completion of therapy. Tulathromycin was administered s.c., in the prescribed therapeutic dose (2.5 mg/kg BW), and florfenicol s.c., twice at a 48 h interval, in its respective therapeutic dose (40 mg/kg BW). In spite of the repeated administration of FL, TU was significantly more rapid to decrease the major clinical symptoms in the first four days following the application, in comparison with FL (P lt 0.05). On the fourth day after the administration, the clinical efficacy of TU in the therapy of BP in calves was 43.4Ā±1.5 %, and of florfenicol 27.2Ā±1.6 %. However, five days after the application of TU and two days after the repeated application of FL the assessed clinical efficacy of the two antibiotics was roughly the same. The average efficacy of TU was 57.1Ā±0.0%, and of florfenicol 58.5Ā±0.0%, both the individual and mean CS in the treated calves was 10 points, due to hyperthermia, which remained the only symptom. Six days after the administration of TU and three days after the repeated application of FL both antibiotics had equal maximum efficacy (100%) in the treatment of BP. The clinical efficacy remained unchanged on day seven. The recovery was confirmed by the absence of P. multocida in nose swabs sampled on the seventh day after the initial treatment. However, in 4 calves (21.05 %) of the 19 treated Streptococcus alpha haemolyticus was isolated. Four weeks after the completion of the treatment with TU and FL the recurrence of BP caused by P. multocida was noted in 30% of calves treated with TU and 22.22% with FL. Seven days after a single administration of TU and FL, all clinical symptoms of recurrent BP and the microbiological findings were negative. Given the obtained results of the investigation on the efficacy of TU and FL in calves, TU can be recommended as the drug of first choice in the treatment of BP caused by P. multocida. Its insufficient clinical efficacy in the first three days following the application may be enhanced by simultaneous administration of NSAID and bronchodilators.Ispitivana je kliniÄka efikasnost tulatromicina (TU) i florfenikola (FL) u leÄenju bronhopneumonije (BP) prouzrokovane vrstom Pasteurella multocida, izolovanom iz briseva nosa junadi. Simptomi BP su kvantifikovani da bi se dobio kliniÄki skor (KS) koji definiÅ”e težinu kliniÄke slike kod životinja. Prema koriÅ”Äenoj skali maksimalna vrednost KS parametara BP iznosi 47 bodova. U naÅ”em ogledu, vrednost proseÄnog KS kod obolele junadi iznosila je 23,5Ā±0,15. KliniÄka efikasnost TU i FL procenjivana je svakodnevno, tokom sedam dana, na osnovu povlaÄenja kliniÄkih simptoma (smanjivanje vrednosti KS) i prisustva prouzrokovaÄa BP u brisevima nosa 7, 28. i 35. dana od ukidanja terapije. Tulatromicin je aplikovan s.c., jednokratno u terapijskoj dozi od 2,5 mg/kg, a florfenikol s.c., dvokratno u razmaku od 48 h u terapijskoj dozi od 40 mg/kg tm. U ovom ispitivanju TU je u prva Äetri dana od aplikacije znaÄajno brže od FL (P lt 0,05) dovodio do povlaÄenja bitnih kliniÄkih simptoma, iako je aplikacija FL u tom periodu ponovljena. KliniÄka efikasnost TU u leÄenju BP junadi Äetvrtog dana od primene iznosila je 43,4Ā±1,5 %, a florfenikola 27,2Ā±1,6 %. MeÄutim, petog dana od aplikacije TU i FL i drugog dana od druge aplikacije FL ustanovljena je približno ista kliniÄka efikasnost ovih antimikrobnih lekova u leÄenju BP. ProseÄna efikasnost TU bila je 57,1Ā±0,0%, a FL 58,5Ā± 0,0%. Vrednost individualnog i proseÄnog KS kod junadi leÄene TU i FL iznosila je 10 bodova. Od kliniÄkih simptoma jedino se hipertermija nije povukla. Å estog dana od aplikacije TU i FL i treÄeg dana od druge aplikacije FL oba antibiotika imala su podjednaku, maksimalnu (100%) kliniÄku efikasnost u leÄenju BP. Ista kliniÄka efikasnost zabeležena je i sedmog dana ogleda. IzleÄenje je potvrÄeno odsustvom P. multocida u brisevima uzetim sedmog dana od poÄetka leÄenja. MeÄutim, kod 4 juneta (21,05 %) od ukupno 19 izolovan je Streptococcus alpha haemolyticus. Äetiri nedelje od obustavljanja primene TU i FL uoÄen je recidiv BP prouzrokovane P. multocida kod 30% junadi leÄene TU i 22,22% leÄene FL. Posle jednokratne primene TU i FL, sedmog dana su se povukli svi kliniÄki simptomi recidivirajuÄe BP, a mikrobioloÅ”ki nalaz bio je negativan. SumirajuÄi rezultate dobijene uporednim ispitivanjem efikasnosti TU i FL u leÄenju BP junadi prouzrokovane P. multocida predlažemo da se TU koristi kao lek prvog izbora u leÄenju ove respiratorne infekcije. Njegova efikasnost, nedovoljna u prva tri dana od aplikacije, može da se poveÄa istovremenom primenom lekova iz grupe NSAIL i bronhodilatatora