La política pública federal en materia de residuos sólidos urbanos: un análisis crítico en base a los elementos de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe

105 páginas. Maestría en Planeación y Políticas Metropolitanas.La política pública federal en materia de residuos sólidos urbanos se ha venido construyendo en el tiempo; especialmente desde que se va consolidando el campo ambiental ésta toma un impulso nuevo y es a partir de los años 80’s, en base a los proyectos que el Banco Mundial impulsó, que se definen las leyes e instituciones que dan el marco general de la política actual. La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), en conjunto con la Agencia Alemana de Cooperación Técnica (GTZ), por su parte, definen a finales de los años 90, los elementos generales que una política pública relativa a residuos sólidos urbanos debe contener, todo esto en base a un estudio realizado en la región; así, con estos elementos se hace un análisis crítico sobre el diseño de la política pública federal de residuos sólidos urbanos, contenida en el Programa Nacional para la Prevención y Gestión Integral de los Residuos 2009 – 2012. La investigación demuestra que la Política busca fortalecer las acciones de entidades y municipios en base a fortalecimiento de las instituciones y la legislación. Por otra parte, hay debilidades como la falta de elementos que tienen que ver con el ordenamiento territorial o el principio de gradualidad. Es de celebrarse el tener una política que responde a los diversos diagnósticos hechos previamente, sin embargo, en el futuro tendrá que integrarse un nuevo elemento como el cultural para entender las definiciones y relaciones que la población da y tiene con lo que coloquialmente se llama basura

ICF-Based Disability Survey in a Rural Population of Adults and Older Adults Living in Cinco Villas, Northeastern Spain: Design, Methods and Population Characteristics

Background: This article describes the methods of a door-to-door screening survey exploring the distribution of disability and its major determinants in northeastern Spain. This study will set the basis for the development of disability-related services for the rural elderly in northeastern Spain. Methods: The probabilistic sample was composed of 1,354 de facto residents from a population of 12,784 Social Security card holders (age: 6 50 years). Cognitive and disability screenings were conducted (period: June 2008-June 2009). Screening instruments were the MMSE and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule. Participants screened positive for disability underwent an assessment protocol focusing on primary care diagnoses, disability, lifestyle, and social and health service usage. Participants screened positive for cognitive functioning went through in-depth neurological evaluation. Results: The study sample is described. Usable data were available for 1,216 participants. A total of 625 individuals (51.4%) scored within the positive range in the disability screening, while 135 (11.1%) scored within the positive range of the cognitive screening. The proportion of positively screened individuals was higher for women and increased with age. Conclusions: Screening surveys represent a feasible design for examining the distribution of disability and its determinants among the elderly. Data quality may benefit from methodological developments tailored to rural populations with a low education level. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Base

Inhibition of aminoglycoside 6\u3csup\u3e′\u3c/sup\u3e-n-acetyltransferase type ib (Aac(6\u3csup\u3e′\u3c/sup\u3e )-ib): Structure–activity relationship of substituted pyrrolidine pentamine derivatives as inhibitors

The aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase type Ib (AAC(6′ )-Ib) is a common cause of resistance to amikacin and other aminoglycosides in Gram-negatives. Utilization of mixture-based combinatorial libraries and application of the positional scanning strategy identified an inhibitor of AAC(6′ )-Ib. This inhibitor’s chemical structure consists of a pyrrolidine pentamine scaffold substituted at four locations (R1, R3, R4, and R5). The substituents are two S-phenyl groups (R1 and R4), an S-hydroxymethyl group (R3), and a 3-phenylbutyl group (R5). Another location, R2, does not have a substitution, but it is named because its stereochemistry was modified in some compounds utilized in this study. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis using derivatives with different functionalities, modified stereochemistry, and truncations was carried out by assessing the effect of the addition of each compound at 8 µM to 16 µg/mL amikacin-containing media and performing checkerboard assays varying the concentrations of the inhibitor analogs and the antibiotic. The results show that: (1) the aromatic functionalities at R1 and R4 are essential, but the stereochemistry is essential only at R4; (2) the stereochemical conformation at R2 is critical; (3) the hydroxyl moiety at R3 as well as stereoconformation are required for full inhibitory activity; (4) the phenyl functionality at R5 is not essential and can be replaced by aliphatic groups; (5) the location of the phenyl group on the butyl carbon chain at R5 is not essential; (6) the length of the aliphatic chain at R5 is not critical; and (7) all truncations of the scaffold resulted in inactive compounds. Molecular docking revealed that all compounds preferentially bind to the kanamycin C binding cavity, and binding affinity correlates with the experimental data for most of the compounds evaluated. The SAR results in this study will serve as the basis for the design of new analogs in an effort to improve their ability to induce phenotypic conversion to susceptibility in amikacin-resistant pathogens

Poesias sueltas y otros poemas, de Leandro Fernandez de Moratin: Introduccion, edicion critica y anotada. (Spanish text);

Leandro Fernandez de Moratin is a well known eighteenth-century Spanish dramatist. Plays such as El si de las ninas or La comedia nueva are without parallel in the history of Spanish theater. Nevertheless, his non-dramatic poetry is almost unknown despite its high quality. This dissertation has two primary objectives: to establish a critical edition of all the known non-dramatic poetic texts, and to carry out the most exhaustive study to date of this poetry, its characteristics, and its artistic value. With regard to the first aim, I have taken into account all of the known existing manuscripts, as well as the principal printed collections of his works and separate editions of individual poems. By means of textual comparisons I have been able to establish definitive versions of the poems, and I have collected all the variants, which will facilitate the further study of the stylistic evolution of Moratin\u27s lyrical verse. As for the second goal, I have studied the author\u27s poetic ideas, basing this analysis on his own writings; the formation of the corpus of his work as a whole, the diverse genres of which it is comprised, and its reception by contemporary and later writers. I have also considered the classical and neoclassical traits of his poetry and, finally, the structure of the poems, the lexical elements, and versification. The edition is copiously annotated in order to clarify problems, whether they be of historical, cultural, literary, or linguistic nature. In addition, an extensive bibliography and index of first verses accompany this edition

Teatro español del siglo XVIII. Tomás de Iriarte, La señorita malcriada. Leandro Fernández de Moratín, La mojigata

International audienc

Restoration of susceptibility to amikacin by 8-hydroxyquinoline analogs complexed to zinc.

Gram-negative pathogens resistant to amikacin and other aminoglycosides of clinical relevance usually harbor the 6'-N-acetyltransferase type Ib [AAC(6')-Ib], an enzyme that catalyzes inactivation of the antibiotic by acetylation using acetyl-CoA as donor substrate. Inhibition of the acetylating reaction could be a way to induce phenotypic conversion to susceptibility in these bacteria. We have previously observed that Zn2+ acts as an inhibitor of the enzymatic acetylation of aminoglycosides by AAC(6')-Ib, and in complex with ionophores it effectively reduced the levels of resistance in cellulo. We compared the activity of 8-hydroxyquinoline, three halogenated derivatives, and 5-[N-Methyl-N-Propargylaminomethyl]-8-Hydroxyquinoline in complex with Zn2+ to inhibit growth of amikacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in the presence of the antibiotic. Two of the compounds, clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline) and 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline, showed robust inhibition of growth of the two A. baumannii clinical isolates that produce AAC(6')-Ib. However, none of the combinations had any activity on another amikacin-resistant A. baumannii strain that possesses a different, still unknown mechanism of resistance. Time-kill assays showed that the combination of clioquinol or 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline with Zn2+ and amikacin was bactericidal. Addition of 8-hydroxyquinoline, clioquinol, or 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline, alone or in combination with Zn2+, and amikacin to HEK293 cells did not result in significant toxicity. These results indicate that ionophores in complex with Zn2+ could be developed into potent adjuvants to be used in combination with aminoglycosides to treat Gram-negative pathogens in which resistance is mediated by AAC(6')-Ib and most probably other related aminoglycoside modifying enzymes

Urine biomarkers individually and as a consensus model show high sensitivity and specificity for detecting UTIs

Abstract Background Current diagnoses of urinary tract infection (UTI) by standard urine culture (SUC) has significant limitations in sensitivity, especially for fastidious organisms, and the ability to identify organisms in polymicrobial infections. The significant rate of both SUC “negative” or “mixed flora/contamination” results in UTI cases and the high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria indicate the need for an accurate diagnostic test to help identify true UTI cases. This study aimed to determine if infection-associated urinary biomarkers can differentiate definitive UTI cases from non-UTI controls. Methods Midstream clean-catch voided urine samples were collected from asymptomatic volunteers and symptomatic subjects ≥ 60 years old diagnosed with a UTI in a urology specialty setting. Microbial identification and density were assessed using a multiplex PCR/pooled antibiotic susceptibility test (M-PCR/P-AST) and SUC. Three biomarkers [neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and Interleukins 8 and 1β (IL-8, and IL-1β)] were also measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Definitive UTI cases were defined as symptomatic subjects with a UTI diagnosis and positive microorganism detection by SUC and M-PCR, while definitive non-UTI cases were defined as asymptomatic volunteers. Results We observed a strong positive correlation (R2 > 0.90; p < 0.0001) between microbial density and the biomarkers NGAL, IL-8, and IL-1β for symptomatic subjects. Biomarker consensus criteria of two or more positive biomarkers had sensitivity 84.0%, specificity 91.2%, positive predictive value 93.7%, negative predictive value 78.8%, accuracy 86.9%, positive likelihood ratio of 9.58, and negative likelihood ratio of 0.17 in differentiating definitive UTI from non-UTI cases, regardless of non-zero microbial density. NGAL, IL-8, and IL-1β showed a significant elevation in symptomatic cases with positive microbe identification compared to asymptomatic cases with or without microbe identification. Biomarker consensus exhibited high accuracy in distinguishing UTI from non-UTI cases. Conclusion We demonstrated that positive infection-associated urinary biomarkers NGAL, IL-8, and IL-1β, in symptomatic subjects with positive SUC and/or M-PCR results was associated with definitive UTI cases. A consensus criterion with ≥ 2 of the biomarkers meeting the positivity thresholds showed a good balance of sensitivity (84.0%), specificity (91.2%), and accuracy (86.9%). Therefore, this biomarker consensus is an excellent supportive diagnostic tool for resolving the presence of active UTI, particularly if SUC and M-PCR results disagree

Inhibition of Aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase Type Ib (AAC(6′)-Ib): Structure–Activity Relationship of Substituted Pyrrolidine Pentamine Derivatives as Inhibitors

The aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase type Ib (AAC(6′)-Ib) is a common cause of resistance to amikacin and other aminoglycosides in Gram-negatives. Utilization of mixture-based combinatorial libraries and application of the positional scanning strategy identified an inhibitor of AAC(6′)-Ib. This inhibitor’s chemical structure consists of a pyrrolidine pentamine scaffold substituted at four locations (R1, R3, R4, and R5). The substituents are two S-phenyl groups (R1 and R4), an S-hydroxymethyl group (R3), and a 3-phenylbutyl group (R5). Another location, R2, does not have a substitution, but it is named because its stereochemistry was modified in some compounds utilized in this study. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis using derivatives with different functionalities, modified stereochemistry, and truncations was carried out by assessing the effect of the addition of each compound at 8 µM to 16 µg/mL amikacin-containing media and performing checkerboard assays varying the concentrations of the inhibitor analogs and the antibiotic. The results show that: (1) the aromatic functionalities at R1 and R4 are essential, but the stereochemistry is essential only at R4; (2) the stereochemical conformation at R2 is critical; (3) the hydroxyl moiety at R3 as well as stereoconformation are required for full inhibitory activity; (4) the phenyl functionality at R5 is not essential and can be replaced by aliphatic groups; (5) the location of the phenyl group on the butyl carbon chain at R5 is not essential; (6) the length of the aliphatic chain at R5 is not critical; and (7) all truncations of the scaffold resulted in inactive compounds. Molecular docking revealed that all compounds preferentially bind to the kanamycin C binding cavity, and binding affinity correlates with the experimental data for most of the compounds evaluated. The SAR results in this study will serve as the basis for the design of new analogs in an effort to improve their ability to induce phenotypic conversion to susceptibility in amikacin-resistant pathogens

Inhibition of Aminoglycoside 6’-N-Acetyltransferase Type Ib [Aac(6′)-Ib]: Structure-Activity Relationship of Substituted Pyrrolidine Pentamine Derivatives as Inhibitors

The aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase type Ib [AAC(6′)-Ib] is a common cause of resistance to amikacin and other aminoglycosides in Gram-negatives. Utilization of mixture-based combinatorial libraries and application of the positional scanning strategy identified an inhibitor of AAC(6′)-Ib. This inhibitor’s chemical structure consists of a pyrrolidine pentamine scaffold substituted at four locations (R1, R3, R4, and R5). The substituents are two S-phenyl (R1 and R4), an S-hydroxymethyl (R3), and a 3-phenylbutyl (R5) groups. Another location, R2, does not have a substitution, but it is named because its stereochemistry was modified in some compounds utilized in this study. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis using derivatives with different functionalities, modified stereochemistry, and truncations were carried out by assessing the effect of the addition of each compound at 8 µM to 16 µg/ml amikacin-containing media and performing checkerboard assays varying the concentrations of the inhibitor analogs and the antibiotic. The results showed that: 1) the aromatic functionalities at R1 and R4 are essential, but the stereochemistry is essential only at R4, 2) the stereochemical conformation at R2 is critical, 3) the hydroxyl moiety at R3 as well as stereoconformation are required for full inhibitory activity, 4) the phenyl functionality at R5 is not essential and can be replaced by aliphatic groups, 5) the location of the phenyl group on the butyl carbon chain at R5 is not essential, 6) the length of the aliphatic chain at R5 is not critical, 7) all truncations of the scaffold resulted in inactive compounds. Molecular docking revealed that all compounds preferentially bind to the kanamycin C binding cavity, and binding affinity correlates with the experimental data for most of the compounds evaluated. The SAR results in this study will serve as the basis for the design of new analogs in an effort to improve their ability to induce phenotypic conversion to susceptibility in amikacin-resistant pathogens

Historia de las ideas : repensar la América Latina

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Programas de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica/"PAPIIT IN 401702-3"//[Historia de las ideas en América Latina en el Siglo XX]Historia de las ideas: repensar la América Latina es una obra cuyo principal objetivo consiste en invitar a los latinoamericanos a asumir el reto de ofrecer nuevos enfoques de nuestro pasado. Éste fue el objetivo que animó al grupo de colaboradores que participaron en esta obra, quienes se han comprometido a continuar el quehacer reflexivo, innovador y constructivo en la región. Asumir nuestra historia consistió en avanzar sobre las consignas que conforman una retahíla de odios y rencores históricos que enfocan el proceso de conquista y destrucción de las culturas originarias que, si bien es cierto, son actos que no pueden dejar de condenarse, lo importante consiste en aprender del pasado para construir nuevas alternativas filosóficas, políticas, sociales y culturales que permitan mejorar la situación actual. Por este motivo, repensar la América Latina consiste en enriquecer la percepción sobre nosotros mismos y , por lo tanto, ampliar nuestros horizontes reflexivos, siempre con la firme convicción de que nuestro futuro no está en el pasado, pero debe nutrirse de éste, ya que ahí está el germen de nuestra identidad, de la propia cosmovisión, así como de las circunstancias sociales que imperan en la actualidad. En el presente conjunto de trabajos se abordan temas de política, religión, educación y filosofía latinoamericana así como de historia de las ideas. Investigaciones que brindan la posibilidad de conocer desde diferentes enfoques interdisciplinarios el contexto histórico y cultural latinoamericano. Los trabajos presentes se han desarrollado con base en la actitud crítica y los aportes de los miembros del seminario de investigación permanente: "Historia de las ideas en América Latina en el siglo XX. Conceptos, redes, personajes".Libro