Breast Anatomy for the Interventionalist

Normal breast anatomy can be seen on a variety of imaging modalities. Knowledge of normal breast anatomy on imaging examinations is important for an interventionalist, primarily to avoid mistaking normal anatomy for a pathologic disorder, so as not to harm a patient with an unnecessary intervention. Knowledge of breast anatomy is also critical in planning safe breast interventions and unwanted procedural complications. The key anatomical structures in the breast include skin, fat, fascial layers, Cooper ligaments, fibroglandular tissue, lymphatics, and neurovascular structures, all positioned over the chest wall. In men, the breast parenchyma is usually only composed of fat, with absence of fibroglandular tissue. In women, fibroglandular tissue volumes vary with age, with many women having a predominance of fat within the breasts after menopause. Embryologically, the breast develops under genetic and hormonal influence from skin precursor cells during the fourth through twelfth weeks of gestation, and the resulting breast bud continues to lengthen and branch throughout the remainder of gestation, forming a complex network of radially arranged breast ducts that connect the nipple with the mammary lobules. The key arterial blood supply to the breast arises from the internal thoracic artery, but additional arterial blood supply is seen from intercostal and lateral thoracic arteries. The venous anatomy and lymphatic drainage of the breast generally parallels the arterial anatomy, with presence of variation in communicating channels between deep and superficial venous and lymphatic channels. Tools that assess breast vascular structures (eg, contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging) and lymphatic structures (nuclear medicine Iymphoscintigraphy) are routinely used to assess extent of breast disease and help guide breast interventions

Effect of differently managed legumes on the early development of oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

We studied the effects of different covers (none, legume and natural) established in different ways (with legumes only: hand-weeded, hand-weeded plus extra fertilizer, and with pre-emergent application of the herbicide Oxyfluorfen at 0.25 kg active ingredient ha−1), on the first 3.5 years' growth and yield of oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). Legumes were a mixture of Centrosema pubescens and Pueraria phaseoloides. Natural generation consisted mostly of Nephrolepis biserrata and Paspalum conjugatum. Early rates of growth of the palms (as measured by frond area, girth, height, etc.) were greatest in the bare plots and the first yields of fresh fruit bunches were significantly higher than with any other treatment. On the other hand, relative growth rates and net assimilation rates were higher in legume plots (particularly those established with Oxyfluorfen) throughout most of the experimental period. This means that the rate of growth of palms in legume treated plots steadily overtook the rate of growth of those in bare plots. Presumably, these differences resulted from rapid exploitation of soil nutrients by palms in bare plots, and the “banking” of these same nutrients in legume plots

Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm requiring embolization in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Uterine Artery Pseudoaneurysm is a rare cause of pelvic pain and haemorrhage in pregnancy. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pregnant women presenting with abdominal pain and is readily diagnosed by colour Doppler ultrasound. If left untreated, they may bleed into the peritoneum causing severe pain and haemorrhagic shock and may progress to maternal and fetal death. Case presentation: We describe a case of a woman presenting with severe right iliac fossa pain at 26 weeks gestation attributed to a right uterine artery pseudoaneurysm diagnosed on duplex ultrasound which was successfully treated by uterine artery embolization at 28 weeks gestation without complication to the fetus. Conclusion: Uterine artery embolization appears to be a safe and effective method to treat pseudoaneurysm during pregnancy without compromising uteroplacental perfusion

Investigation of the alpha-cluster structure of Ne-22 and Mg-22

10 pages, 2 tables, 10 figures.--PACS nrs.: 21.10.-k; 24.30.-v; 27.30.+tAn excitation function for resonance elastic scattering of alpha particles on O-18 and Ne-18 was measured using the method of inverse geometry with a very thick target. Spectroscopic information was obtained for 23 levels in the excitation energy region from 11.9 to 13.7 MeV in Ne-22. Twelve of them are new. General features of a-cluster bands in Ne-22 are analyzed in the framework of the potential model with a deep potential well. Predictions for the 11(-) level in Ne-22, as well as for the isotopic shift of the cluster levels in Mg-22, are given. Evidence is presented that new perspectives on the study of nuclear structure and nuclear spectroscopy can be obtained in complimentary measurements of alpha-cluster states in mirror Nnot equalZ nuclei.This work was supported by NSF Grant Nos. PHY99-01133 and PHY02-030099, RFBR Grant No. 00-02-17401, U.S. DOE Grant No. DE-FG03-93ER40773, and European Community-Access to Research Infrastructure action of the Improving Human Potential Programme, Contract No.HPRI-CT-1999-00110.Peer reviewe

Investigation of the reactions 233U(n_th,f) and 235U(n_th,f) - angular correlations between particles emitted in ternary fission and study of quaternary fission

In Experimenten am Hochflußreaktor des Instituts Laue-Langevin (ILL) ist eine Tripel-Korrelation in der ternären Kernspaltung von 233U und 235U mit kalten polarisierten Neutronen untersucht worden. Die Observable setzt sich aus den Einheitsvektoren für den Neutronenspin, der Emissionsrichtung des leichten Spaltfragments und der Emissionsrichtung des ternären Teilchens zusammen. Eine Korrelation dieser Art ist hier zum ersten Mal in der Spaltung gesucht worden. Überraschenderweise wurde für beide untersuchten Targets ein von Null verschiedener Wert in der Größenordnung von 10^-3 gefunden. Eine Korrelation der angegebenen Art verletzt formal die Zeitumkehrinvarianz, jedoch kann aus der Beobachtung dieser Korrelation nicht notwendigerweise auf eine Verletzung der Zeitumkehrinvarianz geschlossen werden. Die genauere Untersuchung der Korrelation zeigt, daß der Absolutwert der Asymmetrie mit wachsender Energie der ternären Teilchen ansteigt. Erste Erklärungsversuche gehen von einer Bevorzugung der Emission des ternären Teilchens von einem der beiden Fragmente aus und analysieren in einem statistischen Modell die unterschiedlichen Wahrscheinlichkeiten für die Ankopplung des Drehimpulses aufgrund des Rückstoßes vom ternären Teilchen an den Spin des Fragments, den dieses bei Einfang eines polarisierten Neutrons übernimmt. Weiterhin konnten in den Experimenten neue Daten zur quaternären Spaltung gewonnen werden. Dabei muß zwischen echter quaternärer und durch den Zerfall eines teilcheninstabilen ternären Teilchen vorgetäuschter Vierfachspaltung unterschieden werden. Aufgrund der Winkelverteilung der Spaltprodukte konnten diese verschiedenen Mechanismen unterschieden und die jeweilige Ausbeuten bestimmt werden. Die meisten der beobachteten Vierfach-Ereignisse wurden als Zerfallsprodukte von 8Be identifiziert, aber auch echte quaternäre Spaltung und der Zerfall von angeregtem 7Li konnten nachgewiesen und deren Ausbeute bestimmt werden.At the high flux reactor of the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) experiments were performed to study a triple correlation in ternary fission of 233U and 235U with cold polarized neutrons. The observable under study is a vector product of unit vectors of the neutron polarization and the momenta of the light fission fragment and the ternary particle. A correlation of this type is studied in the present experiment for the first time in fission. Unexpectedly, a non-zero value of the order of 10^-3 was found. The correlation does formally violate time reversal invariance, however, final state interactions can equally bring about such a correlation. Detailed investigations show that the absolute value of the asymmetry increases with increasing ternary particle energy. A first theoretical model to explain the observed correlation is based on the preferred emission of a ternary particle from one of the fission fragments. The different probabilities for the transfer of orbital angular momentum from the recoil in the emission of the ternary particle to the partly polarized fission fragment is analyzed in a statistical model. In the same experiment new data for quaternary fission was obtained. Here true quaternary fission has to be distinguished from events where it is mimicked by the decay of a particle-unstable ternary particle. This could be accomplished with the help of angular correlations of the detected products. Most observed quaternary events are identified as decay products of 8Be, but also true quaternary fission events and the decay of 7Li from an exited state could be established. Yields could be determined for all of the different processes observed