Pigmentos de calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas): estructura química, actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana y su aplicación como aditivo alimentario

Programa de Doctorado en Recursos y Tecnologías Agrarias, Agroambientales y AlimentariasLos pigmentos desempeñan un papel clave en el aposematismo, atracción, mimetismo, camuflaje y protección contra la radiación UV. Dentro de los pigmentos que desarrollan estas funciones están los omocromos. Los omocromos, al igual que otros pigmentos, producen color en el organismo que los sintetiza, así como ejercer diversas actividades biológicas. Los omocromos pueden actuar como antioxidantes y su mecanismo antioxidante generalmente sigue los siguientes mecanismos: pueden unir metales y ejercer actividad quelante, y pueden actuar como antioxidantes primarios eliminando radicales, como el oxígeno singlete y los aniones superóxido. Para explorar una nueva fuente de compuestos con múltiples potenciales, el objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue documentar el potencial antioxidante y antimicrobiano de forma in vitro, así como de forma aplicada en la formulación de paté de atúnPigments play a key role in aposematism, attraction, mimicry, camouflage and protection against UV radiation. Among the pigments that develop these functions are the ommochromes. Ommochromes, like other pigments, produce color in the organism that synthesizes them, as well as exercising various biological activities. Ommochromes can act as antioxidants and their antioxidant mechanism generally follows the following mechanisms: they can bind metals and exert chelating activity, and they can act as primary antioxidants by eliminating radicals, such as singlet oxygen and superoxide anions. To explore a new source of compounds with multiple potentials, the objective of this doctoral thesis was to document the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential in vitro, as well as in the form of tuna pât

Pigmentos de calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas): Estructura química, actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana y su aplicación como aditivo alimentario

Los pigmentos desempeñan un papel clave en el aposematismo, atracción, mimetismo, camuflaje y protección contra la radiación UV. Dentro de los pigmentos que desarrollan estas funciones están los omocromos. Los omocromos, al igual que otros pigmentos, producen color en el organismo que los sintetiza, así como ejercer diversas actividades biológicas. Los omocromos pueden actuar como antioxidantes y su mecanismo antioxidante generalmente sigue los siguientes mecanismos: pueden unir metales y ejercer actividad quelante, y pueden actuar como antioxidantes primarios eliminando radicales, como el oxígeno singlete y los aniones superóxido. Para explorar una nueva fuente de compuestos con múltiples potenciales, el objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue documentar el potencial antioxidante y antimicrobiano de forma in vitro, así como de forma aplicada en la formulación de paté de atún.Pigments play a key role in aposematism, attraction, mimicry, camouflage and protection against UV radiation. Among the pigments that develop these functions are the ommochromes. Ommochromes, like other pigments, produce color in the organism that synthesizes them, as well as exercising various biological activities. Ommochromes can act as antioxidants and their antioxidant mechanism generally follows the following mechanisms: they can bind metals and exert chelating activity, and they can act as primary antioxidants by eliminating radicals, such as singlet oxygen and superoxide anions. To explore a new source of compounds with multiple potentials, the objective of this doctoral thesis was to document the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential in vitro, as well as in the form of tuna pâté

Capacidad antioxidante y mecanismo de acción de pigmentos en organismos marinos

Marine organisms have wonderful colors that make them very attractive. The unique characteristics of the compounds synthesized by species of marine origin go beyond their appearance. The pigments responsible for these colors are also capable of exerting biological activities, including the antioxidant capacity, which can be performed by different mechanisms. This has led to an increase in research attention due to their potential application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries, and has expanded from in vitro studies to in vivo tests. The objective of this review is to compile and describe the studies aimed at establishing and elucidating the mechanisms of action of different biochemical compounds with antioxidant activities from marine species. In order to achieve that objective, the Scopus®, Web of Science™ and Microsoft Academic databases were used. Marine pigments represent a promising alternative to the antioxidants and synthetic additives used today. By establishing and understanding the mechanisms of action of the bioactive pigmented compounds isolated from marine organisms, it is possible to determine with greater precision their possible application in the industry.Los organismos marinos poseen maravillosos colores que los hacen muy atractivos. Las características únicas de los compuestos sintetizados por especies de origen marino van más allá de su apariencia. Los pigmentos responsables de esos colores son capaces también de generar diversas actividades biológicas, como la capacidad antioxidante, la cual puede ocurrir a través de diversos mecanismos. Esto ha propiciado un aumento de su investigación, debido a su amplia aplicación en la biotecnología, farmacéutica, cosmética y alimentación de organismos vivos, expandiendo los estudios tanto in vitro como en ensayos in vivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue compilar y describir diversos estudios recientes, enfocados en demostrar y elucidar los mecanismos de acción de los diferentes compuestos bioquímicos con actividad antioxidante, provenientes de algunos organismos marinos. Para ello, se utilizaron las bases de datos Scopus®, Web of Science™ y Microsoft Academic. Los pigmentos provenientes de organismos marinos representan una alternativa promisoria frente a los antioxidantes y aditivos sintéticos utilizados en la actualidad. El establecimiento y comprensión de los mecanismos de acción de los componentes pigmentados bioactivos, aislados de los organismos marinos, permitirá determinar con mayor precisión su posible aplicación en la industria

Evaluation of Dosidicus gigas Skin Extract as An Antioxidant and Preservative in Tuna Pâté

A strategy for food preservation, based on a methanol–HCl squid skin extract (Dosidicus gigas) (JSSE), was evaluated at two concentrations in yellowfin tuna fish pâtés, which were stored at 4 and 8 °C for 20 day. The JSSE was characterized by determining its antioxidant and mutagenic activities. A yellowfin tuna pâté was elaborated, with and without the addition of the JSSE. An affective sensory analysis was performed to establish consumers’ preferences. During a 20-day storage period, the water activity (aw), pH, color difference (ΔE*ab), microbiological analysis, lipid oxidation and sensory quality attributes were evaluated, and the results were compared with the results of the butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and control treatments. The JSSE showed antioxidant activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●+) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS●) radicals and did not induce mutation, according to the Ames’ Salmonella test, nor chromosomal abnormalities, according to the onion root-tip cell assay. The consumer analysis demonstrated a higher preference for the pâté with the added JSSE in seven out of the eight evaluated attributes. During storage, the JSSE neither had an impact on aw nor pH, maintained lower ΔE*ab values, inhibited the microbial activity and lipid oxidation (unlike the control pâté), and preserved the sensory quality attributes, unlike the BHA and control treatments. This study showed that the JSSE has biologically active pigments that can act as antioxidants and antimicrobials in yellowfin tuna fish pâtés

Utilización de un extracto lipófilo de piel de calamar gigante (Dosidocus gigas) como fuente de componentes conservantes durante la comercialización de especies marinas

6 pages, 6 figuresCONACYT-Méjico (Proyecto 154046), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC, España) (Proyecto 2013-70E001), Universidad de Sonora (Méjico) (USO31302163)Peer reviewe

Conversion of Dry-Salted Cannonball Jellyfish (<i>Stomolophus meleagris</i>) Umbrella and Oral Arms to Cornmeal Snacks and Gelatin with Antioxidant Properties

This work determined the feasibility of producing two highly demanded products (cornmeal (CM) snacks and gelatin power) with antioxidant properties and using dry-salted brown cannonball jellyfish umbrella (UM) and oral arms (OAs). Desalted and rehydrated UM and OAs were subjected to drying and milling processes to produce jellyfish flours (UMF and OAF). Five cornmeal snacks were made: 100% CM and ones containing 20% UMF; 50% UMF; 20% OAF; and 50% OAF. Meanwhile, gelatin was obtained from UM and OAs through 0.5 M HCl hydrolysis and thermal and cold maturation treatment. Jellyfish flours increased the protein content of cornmeal snacks. Only OAF improved its antioxidant activity. The addition of 20% OAF did not affect the sensory characteristics of cornmeal snacks. Gelatin from UM had a lower crude protein level, and a gelatin β-component was not observed. Higher hydroxyproline content by HPLC and proton peaks at higher 1H–NMR fields were observed in OA gelatin. OA gelatin exhibited higher viscosity, foam, and in vitro antioxidant properties

Conversion of Dry-Salted Cannonball Jellyfish (Stomolophus meleagris) Umbrella and Oral Arms to Cornmeal Snacks and Gelatin with Antioxidant Properties

This work determined the feasibility of producing two highly demanded products (cornmeal (CM) snacks and gelatin power) with antioxidant properties and using dry-salted brown cannonball jellyfish umbrella (UM) and oral arms (OAs). Desalted and rehydrated UM and OAs were subjected to drying and milling processes to produce jellyfish flours (UMF and OAF). Five cornmeal snacks were made: 100% CM and ones containing 20% UMF; 50% UMF; 20% OAF; and 50% OAF. Meanwhile, gelatin was obtained from UM and OAs through 0.5 M HCl hydrolysis and thermal and cold maturation treatment. Jellyfish flours increased the protein content of cornmeal snacks. Only OAF improved its antioxidant activity. The addition of 20% OAF did not affect the sensory characteristics of cornmeal snacks. Gelatin from UM had a lower crude protein level, and a gelatin &beta;-component was not observed. Higher hydroxyproline content by HPLC and proton peaks at higher 1H&ndash;NMR fields were observed in OA gelatin. OA gelatin exhibited higher viscosity, foam, and in vitro antioxidant properties

Xanthommatin is Behind the Antioxidant Activity of the Skin of Dosidicus gigas

Marine bioactive compounds have been found in very different sources and exert a very vast array of activities. Squid skin, normally considered a discard, is a source of bioactive compounds such as pigments. Recovering these compounds is a potential means of valorizing seafood byproducts. Until now, the structure and molecular properties of the bioactive pigments in jumbo squid skin (JSS) have not been established. In this study, methanol&ndash;HCl (1%) pigment extracts from JSS were fractionated by open column chromatography and grouped by thin-layer chromatography in order to isolate antioxidant pigments. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) and 2,2&prime;-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS●+) radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing power (FRAP) assay. Fractions 11&ndash;34 were separated and grouped according to flow rate values (F1&ndash;F8). Fractions F1, F3, and F7 had the lowest IC50 against ABTS●+ per milligram, and fractions F3 and F7 showed the lowest IC50 in the FRAP assay. Finally, fraction F7 had the highest DPPH● scavenging activity. The chemical structure of the F7 fraction was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrospray ionization&ndash;mass spectrometry. One of the compounds identified in the fraction was xanthommatin (11-(3-amino-3-carboxypropanoyl)-1-hydroxy-5-oxo-5H-pyrido[3,2-a]phenoxazine-3-carboxylic acid) and their derivatives (hydro- and dihydroxanthommatin). The results show that JSS pigments contain ommochrome molecules like xanthommatin, to which the antioxidant activity can be attributed

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care