Covariant Balance Laws in Continua with Microstructure

The purpose of this paper is to extend the Green-Naghdi-Rivlin balance of energy method to continua with microstructure. The key idea is to replace the group of Galilean transformations with the group of diffeomorphisms of the ambient space. A key advantage is that one obtains in a natural way all the needed balance laws on both the macro and micro levels along with two Doyle-Erickson formulas

Expression of infectious murine leukemia viruses by RAW264.7 cells, a potential complication for studies with a widely used mouse macrophage cell line

The mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7, the most commonly used mouse macrophage cell line in medical research, was originally reported to be free of replication-competent murine leukemia virus (MuLV) despite its origin in a tumor induced by Abelson MuLV containing Moloney MuLV as helper virus. As currently available, however, we find that it produces significant levels of ecotropic MuLV with the biologic features of the Moloney isolate and also MuLV of the polytropic or MCF class. Newborn mice developed lymphoma following inoculation with the MuLV mixture expressed by these cells. These findings should be considered in interpretation of increasingly widespread use of these cells for propagation of other viruses, studies of biological responses to virus infection and use in RNA interference and cell signalling studies

Diversity of Murine Norovirus Strains Isolated from Asymptomatic Mice of Different Genetic Backgrounds within a Single U.S. Research Institute

Antibody prevalence studies in laboratory mice indicate that murine norovirus (MNV) infections are common, but the natural history of these viruses has not been fully established. This study examined the extent of genetic diversity of murine noroviruses isolated from healthy laboratory mice housed in multiple animal facilities within a single, large research institute- the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIAID-NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. Ten distinct murine norovirus strains were isolated from various tissues and feces of asymptomatic wild type sentinel mice as well as asymptomatic immunodeficient (RAG 2−/−) mice. The NIH MNV isolates showed little cytopathic effect in permissive RAW264.7 cells in early passages, but all isolates examined could be adapted to efficient growth in cell culture by serial passage. The viruses, although closely related in genome sequence, were distinguishable from each other according to facility location, likely due to the introduction of new viruses into each facility from separate sources or vendors at different times. Our study indicates that the murine noroviruses are widespread in these animal facilities, despite rigorous guidelines for animal care and maintenance

SNAPSHOT USA 2019 : a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14-week period (17 August - 24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian's eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the USA. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban-wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot-usa, as well as future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species-specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Hallucinogen-like actions of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-( n )-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in mice and rats

Few studies have examined the effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-( n )-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in vivo.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46369/1/213_2005_Article_9.pd

Understanding Iran

Provides an overview of Iran's political and economic landscape and culture, its diplomatic strategies, and implications for U.S. negotiating policy. Includes analyses of processes, institutions, networks, and actors and a case study of the nuclear issue

La politique américaine et le conflit israélo-palestinien

U.S. Policy toward the Israeli-Palestinian Dispute, by Jerrold D. Green The administration of Président George W. Bush entered office with a decided disinclination toward high level engagement in Arab-Israeli peacemaking. This decision was undoubtedly influenced by the repeated railure of Bush's predecessor, President Bill Clinton, to make a lasting contribution to resolving this enduring and bitter conflict. As is often the case in the Middle East, the situation in the region soon became so volatile that the White House felt compelled to act. Under significant pressure from concerned groups in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East itself, Bush explored various options for ameliorating this escalating conflict. This culminated in his controversial speech of June 2002. In this speech Bush acknowledged the desirability of creating a Palestinian state while at the same time expressing an officiai U.S. view that Yassir Arafat was no longer a reliable negotiating partner and that Washington no longer wished to deal with him.Les efforts de Bill Clinton pour trouver une solution au conflit israélo-palestinien se soldent finalement par l'échec de la réunion de Camp David, en juillet 2000, Israéliens et Palestiniens n'arrivant pas à s'entendre, notamment sur Jérusalem. L'Intifada Al-Aqsa, qui suit la visite d'Ariel Sharon sur les lieux saints musulmans et juifs (esplanade des Mosquées / mont du Temple), et la répression qui s'ensuit suscitent de nombreux appels à l'engagement américain de la part de la communauté internationale. Mais George W. Bush, échaude par les déboires de ses prédécesseurs, reste prudent à l'égard du conflit. Et il faut attendre le 11 septembre pour que l'Administration réaffirme sa présence dans la région. Depuis lors, la politique américaine reste difficile à suivre. Entre le soutien à l'option répressive de Sharon, qui domine malgré tout la période, et l'appui aux régimes arabes « modérés », dont Bush a besoin pour diverses raisons, les Etats-Unis semblent quelque peu naviguer à vue. Et seule la volonté des Israéliens et des Palestiniens de trouver une issue au conflit permettra à la région de sortir de l'impasse.Green Jerrold D., Bloch. La politique américaine et le conflit israélo-palestinien. In: Politique étrangère, n°3 - 2002 - 67ᵉannée. pp. 617-628