A functional dissociation of conflict processing within anterior cingulate cortex

Goal-directed behavior requires cognitive control to regulate neural processing when conflict is encountered. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has been associated with detecting response conflict during conflict tasks. However, recent findings have indicated not only that two distinct subregions of dACC are involved in conflict processing but also that the conflict occurs at both perceptual and response levels. We clarified a functional dissociation of the caudal dACC (cdACC) and the rostral dACC (rdACC) in responding to different sources of conflict. The cdACC was selectively engaged in perceptual conflict whereas the rdACC was more active in response conflict. Further, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was coactivated not with cdACC but with rdACC. We suggest that cdACC plays an important role in regulative processing of perceptual conflict whereas rdACC is involved in detecting response conflict

Mel2Word: A Text-Based Melody Representation for Symbolic Music Analysis

The purpose of this research is to present a natural language processing-based approach to symbolic music analysis. We propose Mel2Word, a text-based representation including pitch and rhythm information, and a new natural language processing-based melody segmentation algorithm. We first show how to create a melody dictionary using Byte Pair Encoding (BPE), which finds and merges the most frequent pairs that appear in a collection of melodies in a data-driven manner. The dictionary is then used to tokenize or segment a given melody. Utilizing various symbolic melody datasets, we conduct an exploratory analysis and evaluate the classification performance of melody representation models on the MTC-ANN dataset. A comparison with existing segmentation algorithms is also carried out. The result shows that the proposed model significantly improves classification performance in comparison to various melodic features and several existing segmentation algorithms