Longitudinal relations of maternal supportiveness and child task-approach behavior to early cognitive development of children with developmental risks

The purpose of study was to investigate the longitudinal relations among maternal supportiveness, child task-approach behavior, and cognitive development for children with developmental risks. The participants (N = 400) in this study were a subset of the National Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. The current study used structural equation modeling analyses including growth-curve models.;Findings are that maternal supportiveness was moderately stable from the time the children were 14 to 36 months of age, but stability of child task-approach behavior was weak between 14 and 24 months of age. Child task-approach behavior became stronger as children grew older. Earlier maternal supportiveness influenced later child task-approach behavior, but earlier child task-approach behavior did not influence later maternal supportiveness. Child task-approach behavior across time influenced the initial level of child cognition and the rate of cognitive development from 14 to 36 months of child age. Earlier maternal supportiveness influenced the initial level of child cognition, and later maternal supportiveness influenced the rate of cognitive development. Maternal education and age were positively related to maternal supportiveness. The initial level of child cognition and earlier child task approach behavior were related negatively to the rate of cognitive development.;This study provides evidence that mothers\u27 supportive interactions are important in children\u27s cognitive development, as well as their task-approach behaviors, and children\u27s task approach behaviors influence their rate of cognitive development. These findings support providing intervention services for low-income mothers, especially those who are young or less well educated in order to enhance their interactions with their children. Also, this study supports the potential utility of improved capabilities for the early diagnosis of developmental delays and more sensitive eligibility criteria for early intervention services

Does Board Characteristics Constrain Real Earnings Management? Evidence From Korea

This study empirically analyzes the effect of board characteristics on real earnings management, which is measured by using three proxies including abnormal cash flows from operations, abnormal discretionary expenses, and abnormal production costs. Specifically, we will investigate how board independence (or board size) affects real earnings management. Additionally, we will investigate the relation between the board characteristics and real earnings management according to before K-IFRS mandatory adoption or after K-IFRS mandatory adoption. The empirical results of this study are as follows. First, the relation between board independence (board size) and the absolute value of abnormal cash flows from operations is statistically significant and positive (+). Second, the relation between board independence (board size) and the absolute value of abnormal production costs is statistically significant and positive (+). Third, the relation between board independence (board size) and the absolute value of abnormal discretionary expenses is statistically significant and positive (+). These findings present that the board independence (or board size) does not constrain real earnings management. Thus, these mean that board independence (or board size) does not work as a mechanism to reduce real earnings management. This study contributes to accounting research as it directly tests the relation between the board characteristics and real earnings management in Korea, providing empirical support that a board independence (board size) does not constrain real earnings management as effectively as it constrains accrual earnings management.&nbsp

Debt Maturity And Investment Efficiency Evidence From Korea

This study empirically analyzes the effect of debt maturity on investment efficiency, which is measured by using McNichols and Stubben (2008). Debt maturity is measured using current debt ratio and dummy variable. Specifically, we will investigate how short-term debt affects investment efficiency. Additionally, we will investigate the relation between the short-term debt affects investment efficiency according to debt maturity group. The results of this study are as follows. First, the short-term debt and investment efficiency were significantly positive (+) in both the total sample and the over-investment sample. Second, as a result of analyzing the maturity of debt by group according to the current debt ratio, the relationship between earnings quality and investment efficiency was significantly positive (+) in the short-term debt group. it is suggested that debt maturity and investment efficiency can be different for the total sample, over-investment sample, under-investment sample, and the relationship between earnings quality and investment efficiency can be differentiated by debt maturity group. This study has following additional contributions in comparison with domestic prior studies related to investment efficiency. First, prior studies related to investment efficiency are mainly concerned with the quality of financial reporting. This study implies that the relationship between investment efficiency and quality of financial reporting, and the relationship between debt maturity and investment efficiency among the characteristics of debt. Second, from the results of the analysis of the debt maturity and investment efficiency, it is confirmed that the debt is operating as a mechanism to monitor the investment efficiency of the corporation. Third, the analysis of debt maturity group suggests that the relationship between earnings quality and investment efficiency may be differentiated by short and long debt levels during debt financing. The limitations of this study are as follows. First, we might have not considered omitted other variables. Second, we might not have fully considered other proxies for the characteristics of the debt maturity and investment efficiency. Third, there may be a measurement error in the quality of earnings and investment efficiency. Finally, the relationship between debt maturity and investment efficiency can vary depending on the circumstances of the company. For example, specific debt contract provisions or national regulatory environment. Therefore, attention should be paid to the generalization of the results of this study

Classroom Readiness for Successful Inclusion: Teacher Factors and Preschool Children’s Experience with and Attitudes toward Peers with Disabilities

The current study examined (1) associations among teachers’ experiences regarding children with disabilities (i.e., education, specialized training, years of work experience), their attitudes toward disabilities, and their classroom practices in relation to inclusion and (2) associations among children’s attitudes toward peers with disabilities and child and teacher factors. Ninety-one 4- and 5-year-old children participated in an interview, and their teachers completed a survey. Teachers’ specialized training and bachelor’s degree in early childhood education (ECE) were positively associated with their inclusive practices in the classroom; teachers’ bachelor’s degree in ECE and experiences working with children with disabilities were positively associated with their attitudes toward disabilities and inclusion; and children’s perceived contact with people who have disabilities was positively associated their attitudes toward peers with disabilities. However, none of the teacher factors predicted children’s attitudes toward peers with disabilities. Early childhood teachers need more training opportunities to learn about disabilities to develop positive attitudes toward disabilities and inclusion. Providing frequent contact with people with disabilities may enhance children’s acceptance of peers with disabilities

EFFECTS OF WALKING SPEED AND AGE ON THE DIRECTIONAL STRIDE REGULARJRY AND GAIT VARIABILITY IN TREADMILL WALKING

The purpose of this study was to assess the directional stride regularity (SR) and gait variability (GV) of data from shoe-type inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors during levelled treadmill walking. The DynaStabtm (IMU based gait analysis system) including Smart Balance' (shoe-type data logger) was used to collect normal gait data from forty-four subjects in their 20s (n=20), 40s (n=13), and 60s (n=ll). Four different walking speeds (3, 4, 5, and 6 km/h, respectively) on a treadmill were applied for one-minute of continuous levelled walking. Only lateral kinematics (mediolateral acceleration and yawing and rolling angular velocities) revealed significant interactions from walking speed and age, demonstrating lower stride regularity and higher gait variability than the anteroposterior and vertical kinematics

Gender differences in repeated dishonest behavior: experimental evidence

We investigate gender differences in lying behavior when the opportunity to tell lies is repeated. In specific, we distinguish the situations in which such an opportunity can be planned versus when it comes as a surprise. We utilize data from Chowdhury et al. (2021) and show that when the opportunity to tell a lie comes as a surprise, then on the first occasion, males lie more than females. However, when telling lies can be planned, then there is no gender difference in telling a lie. When planning is possible, females tell more lies in the first occasion compared to when it is not possible to plan; males do not show such behavior. On the second and final occasion, males tell more lies than females when they either could not plan but had the opportunity to a lie before, or could plan but did not have to tell a lie before. These observations can be interpreted in terms of the gender differences in consistent versus compensatory moral behavior

Substitution of Heavy Complementarity Determining Region 3 (CDR-H3) Residues Can Synergistically Enhance Functional Activity of Antibody and Its Binding Affinity to HER2 Antigen

To generate a biobetter that has improved therapeutic activity, we constructed scFv libraries via random mutagenesis of several residues of CDR-H3 and -L3 of hu4D5. The scFv clones were isolated from the phage display libraries by stringent panning, and their anti-proliferative activity against HER2-positive cancer cells was evaluated as a primary selection criterion. Consequently, we selected AH06 as a biobetter antibody that had a 7.2-fold increase in anti-proliferative activity (IC50: 0.81 nM) against the gastric cancer cell line NCI-N87 and a 7.4-fold increase in binding affinity (K-D : 60 pM) to HER2 compared to hu4D5. The binding energy calculation and molecular modeling suggest that the substitution of residues of CDR-H3 to W98, F100c, A101 and L102 could stabilize binding of the antibody to HER2 and there could be direct hydrophobic interactions between the aromatic ring of W98 and the aliphatic group of I613 within HER2 domain IV as well as the heavy and light chain hydrophobic interactions by residues F100c, A101 and L102 of CDR-H3. Therefore, we speculate that two such interactions were exerted by the residues W98 and F100c. A101 and L102 may have a synergistic effect on the increase in the binding affinity to HER2. AH06 specifically binds to domain IV of HER2, and it decreased the phosphorylation level of HER2 and AKT. Above all, it highly increased the overall level of p27 compared to hu4D5 in the gastric cancer cell line NCI-N82, suggesting that AH06 could potentially be a more efficient therapeutic agent than hu4D5.OAIID:RECH_ACHV_DSTSH_NO:T201620640RECH_ACHV_FG:RR00200001ADJUST_YN:EMP_ID:A002901CITE_RATE:2.67DEPT_NM:화학생물공학부EMAIL:[email protected]_YN:YCONFIRM:

Predicting School Readiness for Low-Income Children With Disability Risks Identified Early.

This is the publisher's version, also found here: http://cec.metapress.com/content/v63130ux17623148/?p=2ad55b44ec3e4a3d8e66dcb0b3680616&pi=3This study examined school readiness at kindergarten entry for low-income children whose disability indicators were identified before age 3. Data were collected as part ofthe Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Longitudinal Follow-Up study. Children who had suspected developmental delays and did not receive Part C services had lower preacademic skill scores at kindergarten entry than those who had no disability indicators. In contrast, the preacademic skills at age 5 of children who received Part C services did not differ from those who had no disability indicators. A large proportion of children who had suspected developmental delays and did not receive Part C services by age 3 received Part B services later. Results highlight the importance of early intervention for low-income children who have suspected developmental delays to enhance their school readiness skills

Predicting School Readiness for Low-Income Children with Disability Risks Identified Early

This study examined school readiness at kindergarten entry for low-income children whose disability indicators were identified before age 3. Data were collected as part of the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Longitudinal Follow-up study. Children who had suspected developmental delays and did not receive Part C services had lower preacademic skill scores at kindergarten entry than those who had no disability indicators. In contrast, the preacademic skills at age 5 of children who received Part C services did not differ from those who had no disability indicators. A large proportion of children who had suspected developmental delays and did not receive Part C services by age 3 received Part B services later. Results highlight the importance of early intervention for low-income children who have suspected developmental delays to enhance their school readiness skills