1,542 research outputs found
COMPARISON OF KINEMATICS AND ACCURACY OF OVERHAND AMERICAN FOOTBALL THROWING
This study examined elbow angle, wrist velocity and throwing accuracy during American Football throws. Six repetitions of three types of throws: Self-selected pass (SS), Lob pass (L), and a Bullet pass (B); were performed to hit a point scaled target from 10.97 m. Independent variables were frontal plane shoulder angle (more or less than 90º) and throw type; dependent variables were elbow angle in the sagittal plane, wrist velocity at ball release, and accuracy. There were no differences for shoulder angle for any variable; while throw types differed only for wrist speed (highest to lowest B, SS, and L). Significant interactions occurred for all variables. These findings suggest that recommendations for American football throwing technique are complicated by the combination of throw type and shoulder angle; and that with no restrictions subjects will throw with more accuracy
CHANGES IN UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCLE ACTIVATION IN THE PRESENCE OF STRESS
This study examined the muscle activity of the flexor digitorum (FD), biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), and pectoralis major (PM) during the American football throw with and without conditions of stress. Male subjects (n=5) with either football or baseball experience threw footballs at targets with distances of 12.91 m, 18.29 m, and 28.91 m. Throwing arm muscle activity was assessed via electromyography. Results showed that the flexor digitorum muscle had lower muscle activation for the stress condition at the long distance along with the pectoral muscle at the middle distance
The effect of a diet with fructan-rich chicory roots on intestinal helminths and microbiota with special focus on Bifidobacteria and Campylobacter in piglets around weaning
The restrictions on the use of antibiotic and anthelmintic treatments in organic pig farming necessitate alternative non-medical control strategies. Therefore, the antibiotic and parasite-reducing effect of a fructan-rich (prebiotic) diet of dried chicory was investigated in free-ranging piglets. Approximately half of 67 piglets from 9 litters were experimentally infected with Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis in the suckling period (1 to 7 weeks of age) and 58 of the piglets were challenged daily with E. coli O138:F8 for 9 days after weaning to induce weaning diarrhoea. The litters were fed either chicory (30% DM) or a control diet. The effect of chicory on intestinal helminths, intestinal microbiota, especially Bifidobacteria and Campylobacter spp., and E. coli post-weaning diarrhoea was assessed. The weight gain of the piglets was not impaired significantly by chicory. The intestinal A. suum worm burden was reduced by 64% (P=0.034) in the chicory-fed piglets, whereas these same piglets had 63% more T. suis worms (P=0.016). Feeding with chicory elicited no changes among the main bacterial groups in ileum according to terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. However, the terminal-restriction fragment (T-RF) 208 bp, which may belong to Lachnospiraceae, was stimulated by the chicory feed (P=0.03), and T-RF 370 bp that matches Enterobacter belonging to the Enterobacteria was reduced (P=0.004). Additionally, chicory increased the level of Bifidobacteria (P=0.001) and the faecal Campylobacter excretion level was transitorily reduced in chicory-fed piglets at 7 weeks of age (P=0.029). Unfortunately, it was not possible to assess the effect of chicory on post-weaning diarrhoea as it did not develop. In conclusion, feeding piglets chicory around the time of weaning caused complex changes of the microbiota and parasite communities within the intestinal tract, and feeding piglets chicory may therefore serve as an animal-friendly strategy to control pathogens
Diffusion of gold nanoclusters on graphite
We present a detailed molecular-dynamics study of the diffusion and
coalescence of large (249-atom) gold clusters on graphite surfaces. The
diffusivity of monoclusters is found to be comparable to that for single
adatoms. Likewise, and even more important, cluster dimers are also found to
diffuse at a rate which is comparable to that for adatoms and monoclusters. As
a consequence, large islands formed by cluster aggregation are also expected to
be mobile. Using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and assuming a proper scaling
law for the dependence on size of the diffusivity of large clusters, we find
that islands consisting of as many as 100 monoclusters should exhibit
significant mobility. This result has profound implications for the morphology
of cluster-assembled materials
Determining Nitrogen Fertilizer Needs for Sugarbeets from Residual Soil Nitrate and Mineralizable Nitrogen
Soil nitrate and mineralizable nitrogen are used to
predict the root yield potential and N fertilizer needs of
sugarbeets. Predicting the required N fertilizer for optimum
refined sucrose production based on soil test procedures
is needed because inadequate N limits root yield
and high levels of N may reduce both extractable sucrose
and sucrose yield.
Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) were grown at 14 residual
and fertilizer N rates to determine the root yield, sucrose
percentage, sucrose yield, and N uptake in relation to
the residual, mineralizable, and fertilizer N. A soil test
to measure both the mineralizable and NO?-N level of a
soil was found to serve as a valuable guide in recommending
N fertilizer for sugarbeets. The amount of N
supplied from mineralizable sources in a uniformly
cropped and fertilized field is expected to remain reasonably
constant if adequate but not excess N fertilizer
is supplied each year to the crop grown. Therefore, repeating
the test for mineralizable N each year may not be
necessary. Determining the amount of NO?-N in the root
zone, which is now feasible with rapid and accurate
methods of soil analysis, combined with the predetermined
mineralizable N, would increase the accuracy of N fertilizer
recommendations
Interpreting the Rate of Change in Nitrate-Nitrogen in Sugarbeet Petioles
Nitrate-nitrogen in sugarbeet petioles is used to evaluate
current N status of sugarbeet crops. Since the NO?-N
changes rapidly during the season, better relationships
are needed to interpret these data relative to sugarbeet N
nutrition.
Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris, L.) were grown at four N
fertilization rates and two irrigation levels to determine
the root yield, sucrose percentage, sucrose yield, and N
uptake in relation to the NO?-N concentration in the
petioles. NO?-N in beet petioles increased to a peak concentration
and then decreased exponentially during the
two growing seasons on all treatments. The exponential
decrease after the peak enables prediction of the NO?-N
in the petioles during the remainder of the growing season.
This rate of change approach can be used to predict
N needs when adding supplemental N for sugarbeets
and to characterize the N status of soil-crop systems
Effect of Row Spacing and Nitrogen Rate on Root and Sucrose Yield of Sugarbeets in Southern Idaho
Research results at other locations in western U.S. indicate that a
plant spacing of approximately 12 inches within rows and 20 or 22
inches between rows is necessary to obtain near maximum yields of
sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) and yet maintain adequate space for
machinery operation (4, 6, 10). Increasing row and plant spacings
with corresponding decreases in plant population have reduced root
and sucrose yields (1, 9, 11). Decreasing row and plant spacings with
consequent increases in plant populations may augment yields (5). The
optimum row spacing and plant population for maximum sucrose
production by varieties currently used by the Amalgamated Sugar
Company under a high fertility level, controlled irrigations, and the
climatic conditions of southern Idaho are unknown.
In southern Idaho, most sugarbeets are grown in 22- or 24-inch
rows with plants thinned to 9- to 12-inch spacings within the row. With
these plant spacings, the factory average beet root yield from 1966 to
1969 was 20.9 tons in southwestern, 18.3 in south central and 17.8 tons
in southeastern Idaho. Experimental plots and many farm fields during
the same period produced 5 to 8 tons more than the average when
stand, fertilizer, and irrigation water were optimized. A substantial
part of the lower average yield may be due to a poor plant stand at
maturity on farmers' sugarbeet fields rather than to fertility or irrigation
practices. Narrower rows at optimum fertility and irrigation levels,
while maintaining adequate space for modern farm machinery, may
improve average yields by increasing yield compensation (when frequent
skips occur) and by providing an earlier full leaf canopy.
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of plant
population, as varied by row width while maintaining a uniform
within-row stand, and N level on beet root and sucrose production
under the climatic conditions of southern Idaho
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