Study of surface treated historical materials

Import 05/08/2014Diplomová práce se zabývá obecným studiem povrchových úprav technikou plátkového zlacení na historických předmětech, zejména obrazových rámech. V teoretické části práce pojednává o historii a principech zhotovování technologií zlacení povrchu různých materiálů od minulosti k současnosti. Zřetel je kladen na dřevěné obrazové rámy a jejich části. Cílem práce je průzkum složení povrchových úprav a to jak složení slitiny použitého plátkového kovu, tak složení pojiv a podkladové vrstvy. Experimentální část je zaměřena na průzkum povrchu historických předmětů pomocí skenovací elektronové mikroskopie a analýzu typu syntetických pryskyřic rámů pomocí spektroskopických a chromatografických metod.This thesis deals with the general study of finishes leaf gilding technique on historical subjects, especially picture frames. The theoretical part deals with the history and principles of making technology gilding the surface of various materials from past to present. Consideration shall be given to the wooden picture frames and parts. The aim of the work is investigation of the finishes in both the composition of the alloy used leaf metal and binder composition and the underlying layer. The experimental part will focus on exploration of historical objects surface using scanning electron microscopy and analysis of the type of synthetic resin frames using chromatographic methods.636 - Katedra materiálového inženýrstvívýborn

Pathogenic MAST3 Variants in the STK Domain Are Associated with Epilepsy

Objective: The MAST family of microtubule-associated serine–threonine kinases (STKs) have distinct expression patterns in the developing and mature human and mouse brain. To date, only MAST1 has been conclusively associated with neurological disease, with de novo variants in individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder, including a mega corpus callosum. Methods: Using exome sequencing, we identify MAST3 missense variants in individuals with epilepsy. We also assess the effect of these variants on the ability of MAST3 to phosphorylate the target gene product ARPP-16 in HEK293T cells. Results: We identify de novo missense variants in the STK domain in 11 individuals, including 2 recurrent variants p.G510S (n = 5) and p.G515S (n = 3). All 11 individuals had developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, with 8 having normal development prior to seizure onset at \u3c2 years of age. All patients developed multiple seizure types, 9 of 11 patients had seizures triggered by fever and 9 of 11 patients had drug-resistant seizures. In vitro analysis of HEK293T cells transfected with MAST3 cDNA carrying a subset of these patient-specific missense variants demonstrated variable but generally lower expression, with concomitant increased phosphorylation of the MAST3 target, ARPP-16, compared to wild-type. These findings suggest the patient-specific variants may confer MAST3 gain-of-function. Moreover, single-nuclei RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry shows that MAST3 expression is restricted to excitatory neurons in the cortex late in prenatal development and postnatally. Interpretation: In summary, we describe MAST3 as a novel epilepsy-associated gene with a potential gain-of-function pathogenic mechanism that may be primarily restricted to excitatory neurons in the cortex. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:274–284

Developmental death of Purkinje cells and neuroprotective effect of mifepristone

La mort cellulaire programmée est un processus essentiel dans le développement du système nerveux central. Les cellules de Purkinje, en culture organotypique de cervelet, meurent si le tissu est prélevé durant la première semaine postnatale. En dehors de cette période critique, elles survivent. Cette mort massive en culture est supposée refléter un processus naturel dans le cervelet immature. Il a été préalablement démontré que le stéroïde de synthèse mifépristone permet de sauver ces neurones de la mort par un mécanisme qui induit leur dépolarisation. Nous montrons que la libération spontanée du neurotransmetteur GABA induit l’activation des récepteurs GABAA, laquelle entraine une décharge à haute fréquence et la mort des cellules de Purkinje. Cette toxicité du GABA est aussi accompagnée d’une libération de calcium intracellulaire. La mifépristone dépolarise le potentiel de membrane des cellules de Purkinje à une valeur supérieure au potentiel d’inversion du chlore, abolissant ainsi toute décharge et les conductances GABAergiques. De plus, le stéroïde exerce son effet neuroprotecteur par l’intermédiaire du BDNF et de l’inhibition de la voie de la MAP-kinase p38. Ces données représentent une piste nouvelle dans la recherche de traitements prévenant la toxicité du GABA dans le cerveau immature.Programmed cell death is an essential feature of the central nervous system during development. Purkinje cells, in cerebellar organotypic slice cultures, die when tissue is taken from one-week-old animals. Beyond this critical period, they survive. This massive death is supposed to reflect a naturel process occurring in the developing cerebellum. The synthetic steroid mifepristone allows neuron to survive by a mechanism involving depolarization. We show that the spontaneous release of the neurotransmitter GABA induces the activation of GABAA receptors which leads to Purkinje cell firing and death. This GABA toxicity is also accompanied by an intracellular calcium release. Mifepristone depolarizes Purkinje cell membrane potential to a value above chloride reversal potential, thus shunting spiking activity and GABAergic conductance. Moreover, the steroid neuroprotective effect is mediated by the neurotrophic factor BDNF and involves the inhibition of p38 MAP-kinase pathway. Our data provide new insights in the search for treatments preventing GABA toxicity in the developing brain

Mort développementale des cellules de Purkinje

La mort cellulaire programmée est un processus essentiel dans le développement du système nerveux central. Les cellules de Purkinje, en culture organotypique de cervelet, meurent si le tissu est prélevé durant la première semaine postnatale. En dehors de cette période critique, elles survivent. Cette mort massive en culture est supposée refléter un processus naturel dans le cervelet immature. Il a été préalablement démontré que le stéroïde de synthèse mifépristone permet de sauver ces neurones de la mort par un mécanisme qui induit leur dépolarisation. Nous montrons que la libération spontanée du neurotransmetteur GABA induit l activation des récepteurs GABAA, laquelle entraine une décharge à haute fréquence et la mort des cellules de Purkinje. Cette toxicité du GABA est aussi accompagnée d une libération de calcium intracellulaire. La mifépristone dépolarise le potentiel de membrane des cellules de Purkinje à une valeur supérieure au potentiel d inversion du chlore, abolissant ainsi toute décharge et les conductances GABAergiques. De plus, le stéroïde exerce son effet neuroprotecteur par l intermédiaire du BDNF et de l inhibition de la voie de la MAP-kinase p38. Ces données représentent une piste nouvelle dans la recherche de traitements prévenant la toxicité du GABA dans le cerveau immature.Programmed cell death is an essential feature of the central nervous system during development. Purkinje cells, in cerebellar organotypic slice cultures, die when tissue is taken from one-week-old animals. Beyond this critical period, they survive. This massive death is supposed to reflect a naturel process occurring in the developing cerebellum. The synthetic steroid mifepristone allows neuron to survive by a mechanism involving depolarization. We show that the spontaneous release of the neurotransmitter GABA induces the activation of GABAA receptors which leads to Purkinje cell firing and death. This GABA toxicity is also accompanied by an intracellular calcium release. Mifepristone depolarizes Purkinje cell membrane potential to a value above chloride reversal potential, thus shunting spiking activity and GABAergic conductance. Moreover, the steroid neuroprotective effect is mediated by the neurotrophic factor BDNF and involves the inhibition of p38 MAP-kinase pathway. Our data provide new insights in the search for treatments preventing GABA toxicity in the developing brain.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Required for the Neuroprotective Effect of Mifepristone on Immature Purkinje Cells in Cerebellar Slice Culture

Endogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-dependent activity induces death of developing Purkinje neurons in mouse organotypic cerebellar cultures and the synthetic steroid mifepristone blocks this effect. Here, using brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) heterozygous mice, we show that BDNF plays no role in immature Purkinje cell death. However, interestingly, BDNF haploinsufficiency impairs neuronal survival induced by mifepristone and GABAA-receptors antagonist (bicuculline) treatments, indicating that the underlying neuroprotective mechanism requires the neurotrophin full expression

iPSC-derived models of PACS1 syndrome reveal transcriptional and functional deficits in neuron activity

Abstract PACS1 syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and distinct craniofacial abnormalities resulting from a de novo p.R203W variant in phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1 (PACS1). PACS1 is known to have functions in the endosomal pathway and nucleus, but how the p.R203W variant affects developing neurons is not fully understood. Here we differentiated stem cells towards neuronal models including cortical organoids to investigate the impact of the PACS1 syndrome-causing variant on neurodevelopment. While few deleterious effects were detected in PACS1(+/R203W) neural precursors, mature PACS1(+/R203W) glutamatergic neurons exhibited impaired expression of genes involved in synaptic signaling processes. Subsequent characterization of neural activity using calcium imaging and multielectrode arrays revealed the p.R203W PACS1 variant leads to a prolonged neuronal network burst duration mediated by an increased interspike interval. These findings demonstrate the impact of the PACS1 p.R203W variant on developing human neural tissue and uncover putative electrophysiological underpinnings of disease

Quantifying differentiation of progenitor populations using cerebral organoid models for neurodevelopmental disorders

Summary: Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by complex phenotypes that often result from concomitant dysregulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, or other crucial developmental processes. Here, we present a protocol to quantify differentiation of progenitor populations during early stages of neurogenesis in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cerebral organoids. We describe steps for organoid differentiation and maturation, sample preparation, immunofluorescence, and imaging and analysis using epifluorescence microscopy. This protocol can be used to compare cerebral organoids from control and patient-derived iPSCs.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Rakotomamonjy et al. (2023).1 : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics

Novel protective effect of mifepristone on detrimental GABA A receptor activity to immature Purkinje neurons

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