Global 4-H Network: Laying the Groundwork Survey

A descriptive study examining 4-H programs in Africa, Asia, and Europe was conducted for the National 4-H Council. Program size, scope, structure, organization, and funding varied greatly by country and few of the programs were connected to a university, but many partnered with other 4-H organizations around the world. Program participants were found to be primarily male with few programs specifically for women. A list of content areas provided by the 4-H programs was also obtained and compared to top agricultural commodities in their country. Very few content areas offered by the country aligned with their major agricultural commodities even though programs were available in the United States. The Global 4-H Network has the potential to fill in these holes and provide additional opportunities to global programs

A comparison of techniques for measuring automatic retrieval in conceptual priming

The speeded response technique has provided pure estimates of automatic retrieval in perceptual memory tasks. The present study was designed to investigate whether pure automatic retrieval could also be evidenced in a conceptual task. Subjects were encouraged to generate category exemplars using strictly automatic retrieval by presenting practice trials that did not allow responding with previously studied items and by encouraging speed of responding. This speeded condition was compared to a baseline condition in which conscious retrieval was not possible and to an explicit condition in which conscious retrieval was required. Average RTs in the speeded condition were the same as those in the baseline condition and were faster than those of the explicit condition, supporting the use of an automatic retrieval strategy in the speeded group. Semantic study did not increase target completion rates for the speeded or implicit groups, but it did for the explicit group, suggesting that conscious, but not automatic retrieval benefits from semantic encoding. Estimates of automatic retrieval obtained using PDP formula were identical to automatic estimates obtained using target completion from the speeded group. The idea of using higher frequency target category exemplars in a future study to further clarify present findings is explored

List Composition Effects for Masked Semantic Primes: Evidence Inconsistent with Activation Accounts

Priming is the benefit that an event receives when its processing has been preceded by the processing of a related or identical event. Context effects on priming are evident when priming changes as a function of some feature of experimental trials. The most commonly explored context effect is that of relatedness proportion (RP), where it has often been shown that the magnitude of priming (semantic or repetition) is directly related to the proportion of related trials: Increasing the related trials results in greater priming. Although previously thought to depend on strategic processing, recent evidence of context effects from designs using masked primes and short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs; less than 250 ms) refutes this strategy view because it should not be possible to enact strategies in such brief intervals. In addition, such findings provide evidence against the dominant view that masked priming with short SOAs results from automatic spreading activation because automatic spreading activation should not be influenced by contextual factors. The current set of experiments was designed to provide converging evidence for the notion that episodic accounts may best account for priming by exploring whether differences in another context variable—list composition—would alter semantic priming in a lexical decision task (LDT) for masked, short SOA (67 ms) primes. In 3 experiments, list composition was manipulated by presenting experimental trials that contained either 3 prime types (nominally related, semantically related, or unrelated) or 2 prime types (semantically related or unrelated) in either a between-subjects design (Experiments 1 and 2) or a within-subject design (Experiment 3). List composition effects were found: Response times (RTs) to semantically related primes were associated with a response cost in the 3-Prime-Type condition but were associated with a response benefit (facilitation) in the 2-Prime-Type condition. Episodic accounts can best account for these results, whereby to best facilitate target identification, the cognitive system is biased to detect primes containing features that are most transfer appropriate with respect to targets

Racial discrimination, ethnic-racial socialization, depression, and educational attainment in a longitudinal study of African American youth

Despite some politicized claims that racial discrimination no longer exists (Neville, Gallardo, & Sue, 2016), there is strong evidence that racial minorities still experience significant discrimination in the United States (Belgrave & Allison, 2014). As a result, empirical research of racial discrimination is still warranted. Meta-analyses show that perceived racial discrimination has a strong effect on psychological well-being, such as depressive symptoms and self-esteem (Lee & Ahn, 2011; Paradies et al., 2015). There is also empirical support that racial discrimination is linked with academic outcomes (e.g., academic motivations and achievement; Benner, Wang, Shen, Boyle, Polk, & Cheng, 2018). Although racial discrimination is a risk factor for poorer psychological well-being and reduced academic function, ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) may buffer these effects (Brown and Tylka 2011). In addition, recent research suggests that studying the effects of the combination of various types of ERS messages (meta-messages) buffers the negative impacts on psychological well-being and academic achievement (Granberg, Edmond, Simons, Gibbons, & Lei, 2012; Neblett, Chavous, Nguyên, & Sellers, 2009). Therefore, this study explored the: a) relationship of perceived racial discrimination to academics and psychological well-being and b) buffering effects of ERS meta-messages on mitigating the impact of racial discrimination in a longitudinal sample of African American young adults. Results of the present study indicated mixed results about the buffering effects of ERS meta-messages on the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and the outcome variables of interest. Additional analyses showed some significant buffering effects of ERS scales on the relationship between discrimination and educational attainment. The present study suggests that ERS may be beneficial in protecting African American youth from the deleterious effects of racial discrimination. However, further research is needed to determine the specific impacts of ERS meta-messages compared to ERS discrete messages as a buffer against perceived racial discrimination

Lagoon Startup and Maintenance for Optimal Livestock Waste Treatment

This fact sheet describes the importance of lagoon maintenance and maintenance for livestock waste treatment

Community Participation for Community Benefits From Natural Capital Projects : A Review for the Facility for Investment Ready Nature in Scotland Programme

Despite the growing volume and scale of natural capital investments, it remains unclear if, and how, these projects to maintain and restore the ecosystem will empower and enrich communities. This report is a core output from the project, Community Benefits Standard for the UK Nature Investment Market, developed in Scotland, which is funded by the Facility for Investment Ready Nature in Scotland (FIRNS). The FIRNS programme is delivered by NatureScot, in collaboration with the Scottish Government and in partnership with the National Lottery Heritage Fund. It provides a review of academic and practitioner literature to explore best practice approaches for facilitating community inclusion and participation in order to generate lasting community benefit from nature-based projects. Such approaches can build and sustain two-way relationships between developers and community groups; helping developers to both understand and act upon the needs or issues that communities experience in relation to natural capital investments and to align with community priorities. These approaches can also contribute towards broader community wealth building and justice objectives. However, such co-benefits are not guaranteed. We offer a number of lessons, grounded in robust academic evidence, about how best to approach participation for community benefit creation

The Lantern Vol. 57, No. 1, Fall 1990

• Candlelight Ecstasy Tabitha • Waffle Maker • Thoughts From the Street Corner • The Grip • Eugenio\u27s Room • Amnesiac • Life at the Edge • College Love • Dry Ice and Red Roses • Forever a Monument • Melanie • Respectable Man • Conversation With Craig • Cheddar Cheese Trees • The Jazz Butcher vs. The Oreos • Sally\u27s Home From Vacation • So She Saidhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/lantern/1137/thumbnail.jp