Inquérito sorológico da infecção pelos vírus da encefalomielite equina no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

The occurrence of Equine Eastern Encephalomyelitis (EEE), Equine Western Encephalomyelitis (WEE) and Equine Venezuelan Encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus infection was investigated in equids not vaccinated against these viruses. The animals were distributed  in ten regional districts of the state of Minas Gerais (Almenara, Bambuí, Curvelo, Governador Valadares, Montes Claros, Oliveira, São Gonçalo do Sapucaí, Teófilo Otoni, Unaí e Viçosa). Microplate serum neutralization test was used to detect antibodies against encephalitis virus. Two hundred and fifty animals (30.2%, 250/826) were EEE-seropositive, while 1.9% of them (16/826) were VEE-seropositive. No animals were found to be seropositive for WEE. In conclusion, either EEE or VEE viruses circulate in the equid population of the state of Minas Gerais.Foi investigada a ocorrência da infecção pelos vírus da Encelafalomielite Equina do Leste (EEE), Encefalomielite Equina do Oeste (WEE) e Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana (VEE) em equídeos não vacinados contra tais agentes, criadosem dez Delegacias Regionaisdo Estado de Minas Gerais (Almenara, Bambuí, Curvelo, Governador Valadares, Montes Claros, Oliveira, São Gonçalo do Sapucaí, Teófilo Otoni, Unaí e Viçosa) empregando-se a técnica de soroneutralização em microplacas Dos 826 animais examinados, 30,2% (250/826) foram soropositivos para o EEE e 1,9% (16/826) para o VEE. Não foram detectados animais sororeagentes para o WEE. Conclui-se que tanto o vírus tipo leste como o venezuelano da Encelafalomielite Equina circulam na população equina do Estado de Minas Gerais

Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules

Donkeys (Equus asinus) and mules represent approximately 50% of the entire domestic equine herd in the world and play an essential role in the lives of thousands of people, primarily in developing countries. Despite their importance, donkeys are currently a neglected and threatened species due to abandonment, indiscriminate slaughter, and a lack of proper sanitary management. Specific knowledge about infectious viral diseases that affect this group of Equidae is still limited. In many cases, donkeys and mules are treated like horses, with the physiological differences between these species usually not taken into account. Most infectious diseases that affect the Equidae family are exclusive to the family, and they have a tremendous economic impact on the equine industry. However, some viruses may cross the species barrier and affect humans, representing an imminent risk to public health. Nevertheless, even with such importance, most studies are conducted on horses (Equus caballus), and there is little comparative information on infection in donkeys and mules. Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide a brief update on viruses that affect donkeys and mules, thereby compromising their performance and well-being. These diseases may put them at risk of extinction in some parts of the world due to neglect and the precarious conditions they live in and may ultimately endanger other species’ health and humans

Prevalence of equine infectious anemia in stud farms in Minas Gerais, Brazil

A criação de cavalos está em expansão no Brasil. No entanto, a anemia infecciosa equina (EIA), uma doença transmissível, incurável é um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento da indústria equidea. Dessa forma, para determinar a incidência de AIE em haras de Minas Gerais, foi realizado um levantamento sorológico para estimar a prevalência e identificar potenciais fatores de risco para a transmissão do vírus da anemia infecciosa equina (EIAV). Esta foi a segunda etapa de um estudo em curso sobre a epidemiologia da doença, que foi realizado pela primeira vez em animais de serviço. Uma amostra de 7.742 equídeos de 717 fazendas em sete regiões do Estado foi testada entre maio de 2004 e janeiro de 2006. Testes de laboratório incluindo ensaios imunoenzimáticos e a imunodifusão em gel de ágar foram conduzidos para triagem e confirmação, respectivamente. A prevalência de AIE foi estimada em 0,44% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC] = 0,00-0,871) ao nível de propriedade e 0,07% (IC 95% = 0,00-0,251) ao nível animal. A baixa prevalência de AIE em haras pode ser explicada pelo maior valor zootécnico de animais de raça estabulados, o que leva ao controle sorológico periódico e ao cumprimento do abate de animais positivos ao teste, a fim de manter a fazenda livre da AIE. Além disso, os cavalos de haras geralmente viajam mais e são submetidos aos controles oficiais com maior frequência do que os animais de serviço. A maior prevalência de AIE foi observada nas regiões 1 (Norte / Noroeste de Minas Gerais) e 2 (Vale do Mucuri / Jequitinhonha), com taxas de 0,34% e 0,72%, respectivamente. Esses resultados mostram que a prevalência de AIE em haras em Minas Gerais é geralmente baixa, sendo a prevalência maior na região norte do Estado (regiões 1 e 2). Um levantamento sorológico prévio sobre AIE em animais de serviço mostrou uma distribuição muito semelhante da doença em Minas Gerais. Estes resultados sugerem um padrão muito semelhante de distribuição da AIE em todo o Estado, independentemente do valor zootécnico, mas as regiões norte / noroeste têm uma prevalência maior do que as regiões do sul.Horse breeding is expanding in Brazil. Nevertheless, equine infectious anemia (EIA) a transmissible, incurable disease is an obstacle to the development of the horse industry. Therefore, to determine the incidence of EIA at stud farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, a serological survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence and identify potential risk factors for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) transmission. This was the second stage of an ongoing study on the epidemiology of the disease, which was first observed in draft horses. A sample of 7,742 equids from 717 stud farms in seven regions within the State was tested between May 2004 and January 2006. Laboratory tests including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and agar gel immunodiffusion were conducted for screening and confirmation, respectively. The prevalence of EIA was estimated to be 0.44% (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.00-0.871) at the farm level and 0.07% (95% CI=0.00-0.251) at the animal level. The low prevalence of EIA in stud farms might be explained by the higher zootechnical value of stable-bred animals, which leads to periodical serological control and compliance with the slaughter of test-positive animals in order to keep the farm EIA-free. Moreover, stable-bred horses usually travel more and are subjected to more official controls than are draft horses. The highest prevalence of EIA was observed in regions 1 (North/Northwest of Minas Gerais) and 2 (Vale do Mucuri/Jequitinhonha), with rates of 0.34% and 0.72%, respectively. These results show that the prevalence of EIA at stud farms in Minas Gerais is generally low, with the prevalence being higher in the northern part of the State (regions 1 and 2). A previous serological survey on EIA among draft horses showed a very similar distribution of EIA infection in Minas Gerais. These results suggest a very similar pattern of EIA distribution across the State and irrespective of zootechnical value, but the northern/northwestern regions have a higher prevalence than do the southern regions

Comparative study of agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) protocols for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia in Brazil

To evaluate the Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) protocols, two different kits commercially available in Brazil were used: an imported kit (kit A) and a domestically produced kit (kit B). Kit A was submitted to the protocols recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the protocol recommended by the Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). Kit B, the Brazilian kit, was submitted only to the MAPA-recommended protocol and was used as a reference in this study. A total of 345 equid serum samples, including field samples, serum sets from official laboratories and a weak positive serum control from National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), were used. Parameters such as the sensitivity of kit A in the two protocols, the detection limit of kits and the occurrence of nonspecific reactions or non-identity were evaluated. When Kit A was used for an AGID procedure performed according to the OIE-recommended protocol, the kit demonstrated good agreement with kit B and 99 % relative sensitivity. However, when kit A was processed according to the MAPA-recommended protocol, it failed to detect 1.16 % of weak positive samples and its relative sensitivity decreased to 96 %. The detection limit of kit A was lower than the detection limit of kit B for weak positive samples in both protocols. The occurrence of nonidentity reactions was higher with kit B than with kit A. The training of veterinarians to ensure the correct execution of the AGID test protocol should be intensified in Brazil

Multicentric lymphoma in buffaloes in the Amazon region, Brazil

Damasceno, Karine Araújo. “Documento produzido em parceria ou por autor vinculado à Fiocruz, mas não consta à informação no documento”.Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2018-03-26T19:08:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira CH Multicentric lymphoma in buffaloes....pdf: 2424503 bytes, checksum: f9ecdc39ae4033ff8db00dc8d769058b (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2018-03-26T19:22:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira CH Multicentric lymphoma in buffaloes....pdf: 2424503 bytes, checksum: f9ecdc39ae4033ff8db00dc8d769058b (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-26T19:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira CH Multicentric lymphoma in buffaloes....pdf: 2424503 bytes, checksum: f9ecdc39ae4033ff8db00dc8d769058b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Pecuária (INCT-Pecuária), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). JKPR, RCL and JDB received fellowships from CNPq.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária.Laboratório de Retroviroses. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil / Universidade Federal de Goiás. Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia. Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Goiânia, GO, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Medicina Veterinária. Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais. Castanhal, PA, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Patologia Comparada. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Patologia Comparada. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Medicina Veterinária. Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais. Castanhal, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária.Laboratório de Retroviroses. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil / Universidade Federal de Goiás. Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia. Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Goiânia, GO, Brasil / Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Medicina Veterinária. Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais. Castanhal, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária.Laboratório de Retroviroses. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil / Universidade Federal de Goiás. Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia. Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Goiânia, GO, Brasil.The presence of lymphoma in buffaloes was first reported in India in the 1960s. The disease is similar to Enzootic Bovine Leucosis (EBL) caused by Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in cattle; however, according to our results and those of other studies, the etiology of these lymphomas in buffalo do not appear to be associated with BLV. The objectives of this study are to describe four cases of the disease in buffaloes belonging to the same herd in the Amazon region of Brazil and to perform a clinical-anatomopathological, immunohistochemical, and etiological study of the lymphomas. Results: Over a period of ten years, four buffaloes were observed presenting progressive weight loss, swelling of peripheral lymph nodes, and nodules in the subcutaneous tissue. Upon necropsy, whitish-colored tumor masses were observed in the form of nodules in the subcutaneous tissue, along with miliary nodules on the serosal surfaces of abdominal and thoracic organs and tumors in lymph nodes and other organs. Neoplastic lymphocyte proliferation was observed through histopathology. An immunohistochemical study revealed that the neoplasias were formed by proliferation of predominantly B lymphocytes. The presence of BLV genome was not detected in the lymphomas when using the real-time PCR technique, nor was it detected through immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies against two viral proteins. Bovine herpesvirus 6 was not detected in the tumors. However, Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was detected in samples of lymphoma and in the lymph nodes and kidneys of one of the animals. Conclusions: The occurrence of lymphoma in buffaloes is reported for the first time in Brazil and is characterized by B-cell multicentric lymphoma. The etiology of the disease does not appear to be associated with BLV; however, the detection of BIV in samples of lymphoma from one sick animal deserves further study, considering the oncogenic potential of this virus

Equine infectious anemia on Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon river

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a transmissible and incurable disease caused by a lentivirus, the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). There are no reports in the literature of this infection in Equidae on Marajo Island. The objective of this study was to diagnose the disease in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari and Soure, on Marajó Island, state of Pará, Brazil. For serological survey samples were collected from 294 horses, over 5-month-old, males and females of puruca and marajoara breeds and from some half-breeds, which were tested by immunodiffusion in Agar gel (AGID). A prevalence of 46.26% (136/294) positive cases was found. EIA is considered endemic in the municipalities studied, due to the ecology of the region with a high numbered population of bloodsucking insect vectors and the absence of official measures for the control of the disease.A anemia infecciosa equina (EIA) é uma importante enfermidade, transmissível e incurável causada por um lentivírus, equine infectious anemia vírus (EIAV), e não há relatos na literatura desta infecção em equinos da Ilha de Marajó. O objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar a anemia infecciosa equina nos municípios de Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari e Soure, Ilha de Marajó, no bioma amazônico do estado do Pará, Brasil. Para a pesquisa sorológica foram coletadas 294 amostras de animais da espécie equina, acima de cinco meses de idade, de ambos os sexos, das raças puruca, marajoara e de mestiços, testadas pela imunodifusão em gel de Agar (IDGA). Foi verificada uma prevalência de 46.26% (136/294) de casos positivos para EIA. A doença é considerada endêmica nos municípios estudados, tanto pelos aspectos ecológicos da região que propiciam a manutenção da população de insetos hematófagos vetores, quanto pela ausência de medidas oficiais de controle da doença

Low transmission rates of Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in foals born to seropositive feral mares inhabiting the Amazon delta region despite climatic conditions supporting high insect vector populations

Abstract Background Marajó Island, within in the Amazon River Delta, supports numerous bands of feral equids including the genetically distinct Marajoara horses. Approximately 40% of the equids on the island are infected with Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). This high seropositivity rate coupled with the need to preserve rare breeds such as the Marajoara horse precludes euthanasia as the primary means for controlling EIAV in this region. In the absence of iatrogenic transmission, spread of this lentivirus is mediated primarily by hematophagous insects, whose year-round prevalence on the island is supported by favorable climatic conditions. In addition, cases of vertical EIAV transmission have been observed suggesting inclusion of seropositive mares in restorative breeding programs could result in their progeny becoming infected with this virus either pre-parturition or post-partum via hematophagous insects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate EIAV vertical and post-partum insect-mediated transmission rates among foals born to seropositive feral mares until natural weaning. Serum samples from foals born to seropositive feral mares within the Soure municipality, of Marajó Island, were collected to investigate their serological status, using an indirect ELISApgp45, with positive samples confirmed using the classical agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay. Results The serological status of 28 foals were monitored over a 2-year period with some subjects, depending on their date of birth, being sampled up to six times. All foals remained with their respective mares until fully weaned at approximately 10 months of age. Only 2 foals (7.14%) in the study group became seropositive against EIAV. Conclusion The results demonstrate that in most cases it is possible to obtain seronegative foals born to and eventually weaned by EIA positive mares, even in equatorial regions where substantial rainfall and high temperatures favor the proliferation of insect vectors