Veranderungen der dynamischen Sehleistung bei korperlicher und psychischer Beanspruchung (Changes of dynamic visual performance under conditions of physical and cognitive strain)

Changes of several visual parameters during or following physical strain have been investigated before, yet with a somewhat controversial outcome (7,8,9, 10). So far, visual performance based solely on motion cues has not been tested. Moreover, physical strain usually acts on the athlete together with cognitive demands. Here we present novel data on dynamic vision and its dependence on physical as well as on cognitive and physical-cognitive types of strain. The computer-assisted Dusseldorf Test for Dynamic Vision (20,21,22) was used to study visual performance that relies solely on motion cues without differences in luminance ("form from motion"). in a randomised sequence, 24 subjects (12 females and males: average age: 24.0 +/- 2.9 years) were exposed (for 2x15 minutes) to different types of stress: Physically by performing on a cycle ergometer, cognitively by applying the Vienna Determination Test, or both activities combined (a condition without demands served as control). No significant changes of the dynamic visual performance were found for the total sample. However, if objective (lactic acid measures) or experienced (Borg scale) strain intensity was taken as a criterion to split the sample in two extreme groups of high or low strain, a benefit in dynamic visual performance of 10% resulted following physical strain for higher-scoring persons. Interestingly, subsequent testing led to a significant improvement of visual performance; this incidental learning effect might have obscured possible effects of physical or cognitive strain

Classification for visually impaired athletes: An interim report

In an ongoing study we analyzed results of visual function tests and op hthalmo logical findings in visually disabled athletes. These are contrasted with classification results of these athletes collected during international competitions. Because classifications of visual impairments are mostly based on visual acuity (VA) so far, but the procedures constituted for the determination of VA do not correspond with the EN-ISO-8596, we took the International Open German Championships in Athletics in Berlin (2005) to compare the conventional measuring methods with those obtained by modern computerized/standardized methods to assess visual function

Classification for visually impaired athletes: An interim report

In an ongoing study we analyzed results of visual function tests and op hthalmo logical findings in visually disabled athletes. These are contrasted with classification results of these athletes collected during international competitions. Because classifications of visual impairments are mostly based on visual acuity (VA) so far, but the procedures constituted for the determination of VA do not correspond with the EN-ISO-8596, we took the International Open German Championships in Athletics in Berlin (2005) to compare the conventional measuring methods with those obtained by modern computerized/standardized methods to assess visual function

Deep learning detects genetic alterations in cancer histology generated by adversarial networks

Deep learning can detect microsatellite instability (MSI) from routine histology images in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, ethical and legal barriers impede sharing of images and genetic data, hampering development of new algorithms for detection of MSI and other biomarkers. We hypothesized that histology images synthesized by conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs) retain information about genetic alterations. To test this, we developed a “histology CGAN” which was trained on 256 patients (training cohort 1) and 1457 patients (training cohort 2). The CGAN synthesized 10,000 synthetic MSI and non‐MSI images which contained a range of tissue types and were deemed realistic by trained observers in a blinded study. Subsequently, we trained a Deep Learning detector of MSI on real or synthetic images and evaluated the performance of MSI detection in a held‐out set of 142 patients. When trained on real images from training cohort 1, this system achieved an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.742 [0.681, 0.854]. Training on the larger cohort 2 only marginally improved the AUROC to 0.757 [0.707, 0.869]. Training on purely synthetic data resulted in an AUROC of 0.743 [0.658, 0.801]. Training on both real and synthetic data further increased AUROC to 0.777 [0.715, 0.821]. We conclude that synthetic histology images retain information reflecting underlying genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Using synthetic instead of real images to train deep learning systems yields non‐inferior classifiers. This approach can be used to create large shareable data sets or to augment small data sets with rare molecular features

Water consumption during a school day and children's short-term cognitive performance

There is still little research examining the relationship between water consumption in school and specific cognitive performance. The aim of this cluster-randomized intervention CogniDROP trial was to investigate the short-term effects of drinking water during the morning on executive functions. The participants were from the $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ grade of a comprehensive school in Germany (14 classes, $\it n$ = 250, 61.6% boys). The classes were randomly divided into an intervention group (an education on healthy drinking behavior and a promotion of water consumption) and a control group. A battery of computerized tasks (Switch Task, 2-Back Task, Corsi Block-Tapping Task and Flanker Task) was used to test executive functions. Urine color and thirst were evaluated to check the hydration level. Physical activity over the past 24 h was measured using GT3X ActiGraph. A non-linear relationship was observed between the amount of drinking water and executive performance. Consuming water up to 1000 mL (or up to 50% of Total Water Intake) had benefits during memory tasks. Urine color and number of steps on the study day correlated with water consumed. The results suggest that a water-friendly environment supports school-aged children in adequate water intake resulting in better cognitive performance, especially short-term memory

The shared frameshift mutation landscape of microsatellite-unstable cancers suggests immunoediting during tumor evolution

The immune system can recognize and attack cancer cells, especially those with a high load of mutation-induced neoantigens. Such neoantigens are abundant in DNA mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient, microsatellite-unstable (MSI) cancers. MMR deficiency leads to insertion/deletion (indel) mutations at coding microsatellites (cMS) and to neoantigen-inducing translational frameshifts. Here, we develop a tool to quantify frameshift mutations in MSI colorectal and endometrial cancer. Our results show that frameshift mutation frequency is negatively correlated to the predicted immunogenicity of the resulting peptides, suggesting counterselection of cell clones with highly immunogenic frameshift peptides. This correlation is absent in tumors with Beta-2-microglobulin mutations, and HLA-A*02:01 status is related to cMS mutation patterns. Importantly, certain outlier mutations are common in MSI cancers despite being related to frameshift peptides with functionally confirmed immunogenicity, suggesting a possible driver role during MSI tumor evolution. Neoantigens resulting from shared mutations represent promising vaccine candidates for prevention of MSI cancers. DNA mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cancers with microsatellite-instability are characterized by a high load of frameshift mutation-derived neoantigens. Here, by mapping the frameshift mutation landscape and predicting the immunogenicity of the resulting peptides, the authors show evidence of immunoediting in MMR-deficient colorectal and endometrial cancers.Hereditary cancer genetic