Variação Polimórfica de Hemoglobinas em Búfalos (Bubalus bubalis)

No presente trabalho foi estudado o polimorfismo bioquímico das hemoglobinas de 96 búfalos indianos de diferentes cruzamentos envolvendo as raças Murrah, Jafarabadi e Mediterrâneo, criados na Fazenda Experimental Lageado - UNESP - Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo. As variantes de hemoglobinas foram identificadas através de eletroforese em gel de Agar-Amido em sistema de tampão descontínuo, pH 8,6. Animais portando uma banda rápida (A,) foram considerados AA (4,4%); búfalos com duas bandas (A, e A2) foram considerados AB (31,87%) quando A2 era mais fraca e BB (31,87%) quando A2 era mais forte. Uma terceira banda foi encontrada, chamada N. Fenótipos com três bandas foram encontrados com as respectivas freqüências: ABN (3,3%) e BBN (30,77%). Análises densitométricas e a falta de animais AAN levaram à conclusão que, de alguma forma, a síntese da cadeia p mutante que origina a banda N esteja relacionada provavelmente ao alelo a". Provavelmente, a alta freqüência de animais com banda N seja devida ao uso intenso de poucos reprodutores.In the present report the biochemical polymorphism of hemoglobins in 96 Indian buffaloes from different breed groups of Murrah, Jafarabadi and Mediterranean races reared in the experimental farm Lageado - UNESP - Botucatu, State of São Paulo was studied. Hemoglobins variants were identified through agarstarch gel electrophoresis, in discontinuous buffer system, pH 8.6. Animals showing one fast band (A,) were considered AA (4.4%); buffaloes with two bands (A, and A2) were considered AB (31.87%) when A2 was weak and BB (31.87%), when A2 was strong. A third band was detected, named N. Phenotypes with three bands with the respective frequencies: ABN (3.3% and BBN (30.77%). Densitometric analyses and the lack of AAN phenotype drove us to conclude that, in some way, the mutant (3 chains synthesis that originated N band was related probably to a" allele. Probably, the high frequency of N band was due to the intensive use of few breeders

Electroforesis pattern of the proteins of swine skeletel muscles

Electroforesis of total protein samples from the external obturador and long muscle of the neck of Landrace, Large White, Duroc purebred and crossbred swine was conducted in polyacrilamide gel (PAGE) at 10%, to verify the existence of a specific eletroforesis pattern that might serve to control possible frauds in meats and processed pork products. The results confirmed the existence of a specific electrophoresis pattern for total proteins of skeletal muscle of swine, that is not altered in the various genetic groups and in the two muscles studied

Cytogenetic characterization of F1, F2 and backcross hybrids of the Neotropical catfish species Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (Pimelodidae, Siluriformes)

The cytogenetic characteristics of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum and their F1, F2 and backcross hybrids were assessed by using chromosome banding techniques. The diploid number of 56 chromosomes was constant in all species and lineages, with a karyotypic formula containing 20 metacentric, 12 submetacentric, 12 subtelocentric and 12 acrocentric chromosomes. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were identified in two subtelocentric chromosomes in the parents and hybrids, with partial nucleolar dominance in F1 and F2 specimens. Heterochromatic blocks were detected in the terminal and centromeric regions of some chromosomes in all individuals. For parental and hybrid lineages, 18S ribosomal clusters corresponding to NORs and 5S ribosomal genes were identified in distinct pairs of chromosomes. The striking conservation in the chromosomal macrostructure of the parental species may account for the fertility of their F1 hybrids. Similarly, the lack of marked alterations in the chromosomal structure of the F1 hybrids could account for the maintenance of these features in post-F1 lineages

Variabilidade genética em cervídeos do gênero Mazama baseada no polimorfismo da transferrina, albumina sérica e hemoglobina

The genus Mazama is currently represented in Brazil by five species: M. nana, M. americana, M. gouazoubira, M. bororo, and M. nemorivaga. The objective of the present study was to determine the electrophoretic characteristics of transferrin, serum albumin, and hemoglobin in the genus Mazama in order to evaluate the polymorphism among different species in Brazil. Blood samples from 138 animals, kept in captivity and with a known origin in nature and coming from all regions of the country, were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Variability for the transferrin locus ranged from monomorphism in M. nana and M. bororo to six different electromorphs in M. gouazoubira. Monomorphism was found at the serum albumin locus but two alleles were observed in M. gouazoubira. Hemoglobin presented three phenotypes but no significant differences in gene frequencies were observed.O gênero Mazama é atualmente representado no Brasil por cinco espécies: M. nana, M. americana, M. gouazoubira, M. bororo e M. nemorivaga. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as características eletroforéticas das transferrinas, albuminas séricas e hemoglobinas em cervídeos do gênero Mazama no que diz respeito ao polimorfismo entre as diferentes espécies brasileiras. Foram analisadas em eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida amostras de plasma sangüíneo e hemoglobina de 138 animais, mantidos em cativeiro, com origem conhecida na natureza e provenientes de todas as regiões do país. O sistema das transferrinas apresentou variabilidade crescente nas espécies M. nana, M. americana e M. gouazoubira, variando do monomorfismo na primeira espécie à ocorrência de seis diferentes fenótipos na última. As albuminas séricas apresentaram-se monomórficas, porém o perfil eletroforético observado em M. gouazoubira foi diferente das outras espécies. As hemoglobinas apresentaram três fenótipos, aparentemente compostos por dois alelos A e B, não sendo observadas diferenças significativas em relação às freqüências fenotípicas

Possível associação entre tipos de hemoglobina e problemas reprodutivos em éguas Mangalarga brasileiras

In the present report the biochemical polymorphism of Mangalarga mares hemoglobin, in reproductive age, from Santa Fé Farm, Botucatu, São Paulo, was studied. Animals were classified in two groups, according to reproductive history of each mare; the first group was performed by normal mares (control group) and the second one by animals with reproductive disorders (barren mares). From each animal, around 15 ml of vessel blood were collected. Hemoglobins were typed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 7% of concentration in the resolving gel, in a discontinuous alkaline (pH 8.6) buffer system. The following hemoglobins phenotypes were found in the control group, with the respective frequencies:A¹--- (2,0%), A¹, A²m+m+ (21,0%) e A¹A² m+m (27,0%). To the group performed by reproductive disorders carrier animals the following results were obtained : A¹--- (10,0%), A¹A² m+m+ (12,0%) e A¹A²m+m+ (28,0%). The difference observed in the A¹--- phenotype between the groups may be due to a probable liaison with hemoglobin locus and another one related with reproductive traits. Besides this fact, tropical environment effects may be acting on this locus, thus leading to obtained resultsForam estudadas as hemoglobinas de 100 éguas da raça Mangalarga, em idade de reprodução, provenientes da Fazenda Santa Fé, situada na região de Botucatu. Esses animais foram divididos em 2 grupos, de acordo com o histórico reprodutivo de cada animal, sendo um formado por éguas reprodutivamente normais e o segundo por éguas portadoras de problemas reprodutivos. Foram colhidas amostras de 15 ml de sangue com anticoagulante. As hemoglobinas foram identificadas por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida em placa vertical, a 7% em pH 8.6, segundo Davis11 (1964). Quanto ao sistema de hemoglobinas, foram encontrados os seguintes fenótipos para o grupo de éguas reprodutivamente normais:A¹--- (2,0%), A¹, A²m+m+ (21,0%) e A¹A² m+m (27,0%); para o grupo de éguas com problemas reprodutivos: A¹--- (10,0%), A¹A² m+m+ (12,0%) e A¹A²m+m+ (28,0%). A diferença na freqüência do fenótipo A¹--- entre os grupos pode ter ocorrido devido ã existência da ligação do loco hemoglobina a outro que controlaria características de produção. Além disso, pode estar ocorrendo influência do tipo de clima existente nos trópicos

Cytogenetic markers as diagnoses in the identification of the hybrid between Piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) and Piapara (Leporinus elongatus)

The genetic monitoring of interspecific hybrids involves the application of methodologies able to provide an easy and indubitable genetic characterization of both parental and hybrid individuals. In the present work, cytogenetic techniques were used to identify a hybrid lineage of Piaupara in order to caracterize them in relation to the parental species, Leporinus macrocephalus (piauçu) and L. elongatus (piapara). The cytogenetic analysis revealed that L. macrocephalus presented 2n = 54 chromosomes and a nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) at the telomere of the long arm of the submetacentric chromosome pair 2. Analysis of constitutive heterochromatin (C-banding) revealed a conspicuous block at the pericentromeric region on the long arm of a submetacentric chromosome pair. L. elongatus presented the same diploid number, 2n = 54, and a karyotypic formula similar to that of L. macrocephalus. The NORs were also at the telomere of the long arm of the submetacentric pair 2, which was morphologically different from that of L. macrocephalus. Heterochromatic blocks were observed at both telomeres of a submetacentric chromosome pair. The hybrid Piaupara presented the same diploid number (2n = 54) and karyotypic formula as the parental species and there were no visible differences between parental and hybrid individuals. Differently from the Giemsa staining, NOR- and C-banding analysis showed marked differences which allowed the identification of the hybrids by the different morphology and/or size of the chromosomes carrying the NORs and patterns of heterochromatin distribution in their chromosomes. Such genetic studies are important for fish culture since they can provide tools for monitoring natural and artificial hybridization. They are also useful in biological conservation programmes and in the proper management of natural and reared fish stocks.195202Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Intraspecific crosses resulting in the first occurrence of eight and nine B chromosomes in Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae)

B chromosomes are supernumerary elements present in about 15% of eukaryotic species and are most frequently heterochromatic, behave parasitically, show a transmission rate higher than standard (A) chromosomes, and can provoke harmful effects on carriers. In the current work, Prochilodus lineatus individuals carrying eight and nine B chromosomes were obtained by induced crossing performed involving breeders with different B chromosome numbers in their cells. The high B chromosome numbers found in the offspring were recorded for the first time in this species. The use of cytogenetic techniques applied in the present study revealed that regardless of the increase in number of B chromosomes in the genome of these individuals, those elements did not presented active genes, and showed their normal heterochromatic characteristic

Lynphocyte antigens and resistance to bovine leucosis

Foram testados, pelo teste de linfocitotoxidade, 86 animais da taça Jersey, resistentes ao vírus da leucose bovina. Uma amostra de 10 cc de sangue periférico de cada animal foi coletada em meio de cultura e transportada para o laboratório. Foram feitas tipagens eritrocitárias de acordo com as técnicas desenvolvidas. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados e comparados com os dados de uma população normal. Constatou-se aumento significativo da frequência dos alelos W5 e W12 na população experimental, sugerindo que esses alelos podem ser considerados como marcadores genéticos da resistência bovina ao vírus da leucose.Eighty-six Jersey animals resistant to bovine leukosis virus (BLV) were tested for lymphocyt antigens by cytotoxicity test. A sample of 10 cc of peripheric blood of each animal was colected in culture medium and taken to laboratory. Erythrocites were typed according to developed techniques. The results analyzed and compared with those from a normal population, showed a significant increase of frequence of the alleles W5 and W12 in the experimental population, suggesting that these alleles could be considered as possible genetic mark for BLV resistance in cattle

Natural antibody segregation for blood groups in Fazenda Canchim Embrapa cattle, São Carlos - Brazil

En esta investigación, se trabajó con una población bovina de la Fazenda CANCHIM, EMBRAPA (Sao Carlos, Brasil), compuesta de tres lotes, uno mestizo (29 animales) y dos lotes de Raza CANCHIM PUROS (58 animales). Los mestizos expresan un 17,2% de individuos portadores de iso-inmunoanticuerpos naturales. CANCHIM Puros, 51,72%. Todos los anticuerpos revelaron llamativa potencia reactiva. Esta singular propiedad de la Raza CANCHIM, podría obedecer a un intenso fenómeno heterótico y decidido polimorfismo. Se induce que también los "iso-inmunoanticuerpos" naturales podría asociarse a un tipo especial de "marcadores genéticos".In this investigation, working with a cattle population of the Fazenda CANCHIM, EMBRAPA (Sao Carlos, Brazil), with three herds, one mixed (mestizos) (29 animals) and two of CANCHIM race (58 animals), the mestizos express a 17,2% of individuals carrying natural iso-inmuno antibodies, CANCHIM, 51,72%. All the antibodies showed a particular reactivity. This singular property of CANCHIM Race, could he produced by an intense heterotic phenomenon and decided polymorphism. We induce that the natural isoinmuno antibodies could be associated to a special type of "Genetic Markers".Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria