Measuring the Cost of International Trade in Services

We present a new dataset of international trade costs in services sectors. Using a theory-based methodology combined with data on domestic shipments and cross-border trade, we find that trade costs in services are much higher than in goods sectors: a multiple of two to three times in many cases. Trade costs in services have remained relatively steady over the last ten years, whereas trade costs in goods have fallen overall at an impressive rate. We also present two examples of the ways in which our dataset could be used in future work. First, we examine the impact of regional trade agreements on trade costs in services. Although we find that intra-bloc trade costs are lower than those facing outside countries, the differential is usually quite small for services, and in some cases has even been narrowing over time. This finding accords with the observation that because service sector reform is about re-regulation, “preferential” agreements tend to involve less discrimination than in goods markets. Second, we show for the first time that services sectors with lower trade costs tend to be more productive, and experience faster productivity growth. This result lines up well with the evidence from goods markets.Trade policy; Trade in services; Regional integration; Productivity.

Hyphenated Australia : putting intercultural identity on the conceptual map

Interculturality and intercultural identity is a local effect of the global movement and mixing of people, and those of intercultural identities constitute the fastest growing sector of the Australian population. In an age of globalisation and diversification, what does identity mean for those situated in-between governing notions of racial/ethnic formations, and how is intercultural identity experienced? For those informed by (at least) two cultures, what does multiculturalism, ethnicity and \u27Australianness\u27 mean, and where are these individuals positioned in relation to these structures? These questions have critical implications for the Australian nation. Within Australian discourses, interculturality and intercultural identity, in particular, has historically been excluded, rendered invisible. This dissertation is, therefore, one of facilitating visibility. Using the hyphens as a conceptual tool, I argue that in this age of accelerating globalisation the hyphens both makes visible and is made visible by interculturality. The hyphens is that grey and fluid site of intersection between structures of identity and is characterised by liminality - contestation, uncertainty, fundamentally ambivalence. Experiences of liminality, however, dissolve in any given time, opening up new terrain for creativity. Some of these emerging and creative forms of identity, as instigated by interculturality, are explored. Based on interviews with 20 daughters (and their mothers) from intercultural unions, this dissertation places intercultural identity on the Australian conceptual map and analyses the unique position occupied by those with an intercultural identity in their relationship with governing discursive formations of race/ethnicity, embodiment, nation and culture. In essence, the dissertation is concerned with examining the ways in which discursive identity structures intersect with subjective experience, and with the ways in which those with an intercultural identity negotiate those structures and their social relations. This examination raises the fundamental question: is the modernist notion of the material realities of individual lives reconcilable with the poststructural notion of identity as always located in discourse. This modernist/postmodernist tension permeates the dissertation

Contextualizing Disney Comics within the Arab Culture

This paper examines the strategies adopted by Arab translators to contextualize Disney comics within the Arab culture, with particular reference to Egyptian and Gulf translators. The researcher attempts to establish the ways in which Arab translators, working under the supervision of three major publishing houses in the Arab world, intervene to adapt the source text to the target context and culture. The researcher also attempts to analyse the way Disney characters have been portrayed in the target text and examines the new dimensions added to Disney characters’ performance, actions, speech, etc. in the translated context.Cet article examine les stratégies employées par les traducteurs arabes pour contextualiser des bandes dessinées de Disney dans la culture arabe. L’accent est mis sur les traducteurs égyptiens et des pays du Golfe. Nous essayons d’établir de quelles façons, les traducteurs arabes, fonctionnant sous la direction de trois principales maisons d’édition du monde arabe, interviennent pour adapter le texte source au contexte et à la culture cible. Nous analysons également la manière dont les caractères de Disney ont été représentés dans le texte cible, et nous examinons les nouvelles dimensions ajoutées à la performance, aux actions, au discours, etc., des caractères de Disney dans le contexte traduit

KAJIAN HASIL IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM MANAJEMEN KESELAMATAN PERTAMBANGAN MINERAL DAN BATUBARA (SMKP MINERBA) MELALUI AUDIT EKSTERNAL DI PT SAPTAINDRA SEJATI OLEH PT ADARO INDONESIA

ABSTRAKPT Adaro Indonesia adalah Perusahaan Pertambangan yang beroperasi dibawah Perjanjian Karya Pengusahaan Pertambangan Batubara (PKP2B), pada area Pertambangan PT Adaro Indonesia atau ADMO (Adaro Mining Operation) terdapat Perusahaan Jasa Pertambangan PT Saptaindra Sejati (PT. SIS) yang bergerak pada bidang kontraktor pertambangan modern dan menyediakan jasa pertambangan serta industri terkait di ADMO. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah studi literatur, pengamatan lapangan dan tanya jawab kepada karyawan perusahaan terkait. PT SIS telah melakukan penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara (SMKP Minerba) pada semua elemen, namun tingkat pencapaiannya 88,29% mengalami penurunan dari tahun sebelumnya yang mencapai 92,80%. Pencapaian pada elemen kebijakan hanya mencapai 97%, elemen perencanaan 86%, elemen organisasi dan personel 90%, elemen implementasi 79%, elemen evaluasi dan tindak lanjut 88%, elemen dokumentasi 78%, dan elemen tinjauan manajemen 100%. Sebagai upaya perbaikan diberikan rekomendasi kepada PT. SIS, untuk melakukan evaluasi internal perusahaan agar tidak lagi didapatkan temuan-temuan mayor maupun minor pada audit (SMKP) mendatang.Kata Kunci: SMKP Minerba, Keselamatan, Pencapaian, Elemen Implementasi