A Comparison of the Perceptions of the Importance of Supervision Skills and Training Between Formally Trained Supervisors and Non-Formally Trained Supervisors in a Children and Adolescent Service System Program

The problem to be investigated is to compare counseling supervisors who have formal training in supervision (CFT) to counseling supervisors who have not been formally trained in supervision (CNT) on two dependent variables. The two dependent variables used in this investigation are (1) the perceived importance of having supervisory competencies in order to do their job and (2) the perceived need to have training in these supervisory competencies in order to do their job. This study will extend a study by Dr. Maura Krushinski (2004) that examined the importance of these variables among CFTs and CNTs who were supervising counseling student interns. This study will differ in that it will examine CFTs and CNTs who are supervising counselor practitioners rather than students. The Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) is a division of the American Counseling Association (ACA) that has developed the ethical standards and competency standards for the training of counseling supervisors. The Counselor Supervisor Questionnaire (CSQ) was developed, according to ACES competency standards, to determine how important the supervisory competencies are to counseling supervisors. In addition, the instrument also asked how important it is to have training in these competencies. The significance of this study will be to determine if there is a perceived need for supervision training of counseling supervisors in the Children and Adolescent Service System Program. In addition, there will be an opportunity to determine what areas of supervisory competency are perceived to require the most need for training. Counselor educators and employers of counseling supervisors will also benefit from these results. The results indicated the need for both supervisory training as an aspect of a counselor education training programs and counselor education workshops in the workplace. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the CFT group and the CNT group for the dependent variables. Moreover, there were no discrepancies within the groups between the dependent variables

Increased Adenine Nucleotide Degradation in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy

Adenine nucleotides (AdNs: ATP, ADP, AMP) are essential biological compounds that facilitate many necessary cellular processes by providing chemical energy, mediating intracellular signaling, and regulating protein metabolism and solubilization. A dramatic reduction in total AdNs is observed in atrophic skeletal muscle across numerous disease states and conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, COPD, sepsis, muscular dystrophy, denervation, disuse, and sarcopenia. The reduced AdNs in atrophic skeletal muscle are accompanied by increased expression/activities of AdN degrading enzymes and the accumulation of degradation products (IMP, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid), suggesting that the lower AdN content is largely the result of increased nucleotide degradation. Furthermore, this characteristic decrease of AdNs suggests that increased nucleotide degradation contributes to the general pathophysiology of skeletal muscle atrophy. In view of the numerous energetic, and non-energetic, roles of AdNs in skeletal muscle, investigations into the physiological consequences of AdN degradation may provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of muscle atrophy

Expand Access to Primary Care: Remove Barriers to Assistant Physicians

Not enough physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and other clinicians are entering the health care workforce to meet the growing primary care needs of Americans. More primary care clinicians need to enter the health care workforce to replace those health care providers who are retiring and to meet the demands of a growing and aging population. A major factor contributing to the clinician dearth is that states generally require physicians to complete a residency program, yet the number of medical school graduates exceeds the number of residency positions. One option that helps ease the deficiency in some states is allowing U.S. and international medical school graduates who have yet to complete a residency program to become assistant physicians (APs) and provide primary care services. However, there are many government??imposed restrictions and barriers that impede these graduates from becoming APs.States should lift barriers that prevent unmatched medical school graduates from providing primary care services. States also should offer the AP option to licensed foreign physicians who wish to immigrate to the United States. States further should amend their licensing laws to allow experienced APs to use their experience as an alternative pathway toward a full medical license. Legalizing APs would help solve the primary care shortage

Metamorphic, Autonomous Symmetries

Unified signed models have led to many intuitive advances, including courseware and lambda calculus. In fact, few developers would disagree with the construction of the UNIVAC computer, which embodies the unfortunate principles of cryptoanalysis. We examine how DHCP can be applied to the evaluation of vacuum tubes

Oxalic, glyoxalic and pyruvic acids in eastern Pacific Ocean waters

A sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique has been used to determine the concentration and distribution of several α-keto acids and oxalic acid in seawater samples from a station (28°29′N, 128°38′W) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Glyoxalic, pyruvic and oxalic acids were found to be present. Although the pyruvic acid profile at this station was in general featureless, the profiles for glyoxalic and oxalic acids showed variations which could be attributed to both primary production and heterotropic activity. Surface waters were found to have a combined concentration of glyoxalic and oxalic acids of ∼300 to 400 nm/liter which makes these two compounds some of the more abundant organic constituents of surface ocean waters

Strong uniform laws of large numbers for bootstrap means and other randomly weighted sums

This article establishes novel strong uniform laws of large numbers for randomly weighted sums such as bootstrap means. By leveraging recent advances, these results extend previous work in their general applicability to a wide range of weighting procedures and in their flexibility with respect to the effective bootstrap sample size. In addition to the standard multinomial bootstrap and the m-out-of-n bootstrap, our results apply to a large class of randomly weighted sums involving negatively orthant dependent (NOD) weights, including the Bayesian bootstrap, jackknife, resampling without replacement, simple random sampling with over-replacement, independent weights, and multivariate Gaussian weighting schemes. Weights are permitted to be non-identically distributed and possibly even negative. Our proof technique is based on extending a proof of the i.i.d. strong uniform law of large numbers to employ strong laws for randomly weighted sums; in particular, we exploit a recent Marcinkiewicz--Zygmund strong law for NOD weighted sums