Un conflit d’aménagement dans les « beaux quartiers » parisiens.

En 2016, l’installation d’un centre d’hébergement d’urgence à Paris, dans le 16e arrondissement, suscite une nouvelle mobilisation des associations de riverains, impliquées depuis une dizaine d’années dans plusieurs conflits d’aménagement. Celle-ci se singularise par un élargissement du répertoire d’action des contestataires. Ancrées dans un territoire bourgeois et conservateur, les contestations de l’Ouest parisien ont pour coutume de s’inspirer des pratiques collectives propres aux associations de riverains aisés, rétives à la remise en cause de l’autorité publique. Elles privilégient l’action contentieuse, et, surtout, interpellent et sollicitent les élus locaux pour qu’ils défendent leurs intérêts au plus haut niveau. Aussi, à l’instar de l’ensemble des conflits d’aménagement qui apparaissent dans la capitale depuis les années 1990, cette nouvelle mobilisation a-t-elle des répercussions dans l’espace politique : elle renforce les rivalités entre l’ensemble des acteurs politiques engagés dans la conquête ou le contrôle électoral de Paris.In 2016, the installation of an emergency shelter in Paris, in the 16th arrondissement, provoked a new mobilization by the local residents associations, which had been involved for about ten years in several land use conflicts. In this case, the actions of the protesters went further than before. Protests in western Paris, a bourgeois, conservative area, are typically inspired by the collective actions one might expect from affluent residents who are reluctant to challenge public authority. They tend to favor legal action and, above all, to challenge and solicit local elected officials to defend their interests at the highest level. Additionally, like all development conflicts that have been seen in Paris since the 1990s, this new mobilization has had repercussions in the political sphere: it reinforces the rivalries between all those political actors looking to gain or maintain electoral control of Paris

Assessing progress towards meeting major international objectives related to nature and nature's contributions to people

In recognition of the importance of nature, its contributions to people and role in underpinning sustainable development, governments adopted a Strategic Plan on Biodiversity 2011-2020 through the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) containing 20 "Aichi Biodiversity Targets" and integrated many of these into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted through the United Nations in 2015. Additional multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) target particular aspects of nature (e.g., Ramsar Convention on Wetlands; Convention on Migratory Species), drivers of biodiversity loss (e.g., Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), or responses (e.g., World Heritage Convention). These various MEAs provide complementary fora in which governments strive to coordinate efforts to reduce the loss and degradation of nature, and to promote sustainable development. In this chapter, we assess, through a systematic review process and quantitative analysis of indicators, progress towards the 20 Aichi Targets under the Strategic Plan (and each of the 54 elements or components of these targets), targets under the SDGs that are relevant to nature and nature's contributions to people (NCP), and the goals and targets of six other MEAs. We consider the relationships between the SDGs, nature and the contributions of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) to achieving the various targets and goals, the impact of progress or lack of it on IPLCs, the reasons for variation in progress, implications for a new Strategic Plan for Biodiversity beyond 2020, and key knowledge gaps.For the 44 SDG targets assessed, including targets for poverty, hunger, health, water, cities, climate, oceans and land (Goals 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15), findings suggest that current negative trends in nature will substantially undermine progress to 22 SDG targets and result in insufficient progress to meet 13 additional targets (i.e. 80 per cent (35 out of 44) of the assessed targets) {3.3.2.1; 3.3.2.2}(established but incomplete). Across terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems, current negative trends in nature and its contributions will hamper SDG progress, with especially poor progress expected towards targets on water security, water quality, ocean pollution and acidification. Trends in nature's contributions relevant to extreme event vulnerability, resource access, small-scale food production, and urban and agricultural sustainability are negative and insufficient for achieving relevant targets under SDGs 1, 2, 3, and 11. This has negative consequences for both the rural and urban poor who are also directly reliant on declining resources for consumption and income generation {3.3.2.2}. For a further 9 targets evaluated in SDGs 1, 3 and 11 a lack of knowledge on how nature contributes to targets (4 targets) or gaps in data with which to assess trends in nature (5 targets) prevented their assessment.Fil: Butchart, Stuart. London Metropolitan University; Reino UnidoFil: Miloslavich, Patricia. University of Western Australia; AustraliaFil: Reyers, Belinda. No especifíca;Fil: Galetto, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Subramanian, Suneetha M.. No especifíca;Fil: Adams, Cristina. No especifíca;Fil: Palomo, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: McElwee, Pamela. No especifíca;Fil: Meretsky, Vicky J.. No especifíca;Fil: Morsello, Carla. No especifíca;Fil: Nel, Jeanne. No especifíca;Fil: Lynn Newberry, Teresa. No especifíca;Fil: Pacheco, Diego. No especifíca;Fil: Pyhala, Aili. No especifíca;Fil: Rossi Heras, Sergio. No especifíca;Fil: Roy, Joyashree. No especifíca;Fil: Ruiz-Mallén, Isabel. No especifíca;Fil: Salpeteur, Matthieu. No especifíca;Fil: Santos-Martin, Fernando. No especifíca;Fil: Saylor. Kirk. No especifíca;Fil: Schaffartzik, Anke. No especifíca;Fil: Sitas, Nadia. No especifíca;Fil: Speranza, Ifejika. No especifíca;Fil: Suich, Helen. No especifíca;Fil: Tittensor, Derek. No especifíca;Fil: Carignano, Patricia. No especifíca;Fil: Tsioumani, Elsa. No especifíca;Fil: Whitmee, Sarah. No especifíca;Fil: Wilson, Sarah. No especifíca;Fil: Wyndham, Felice. No especifíca;Fil: Zorondo-Rodriguez, Francisco. No especifíca

Frontiers of cosmopolitanism: Educational enclaves and the extractive roots of international schools.

This article situates international expatriate schools in their cultural and political economy by drawing attention to the tensions between a cosmopolitan educational ethos and processes of social, economic and legal enclavement. Based on extensive multi-sited ethnographic research in the international school sector, we show how cosmopolitan claims of openness mirror a relative closure and ‘offshore-like’ enclavement. To do so, we build upon the notions of modularity and extractivism, which we use as heuristics to analyse social and spatial practices of defining boundaries. Gazing beyond the main foundational myth of international schools, we first outline their concomitant extractive roots. Second, we shed light on the conditions of international teachers’ circulation worldwide. Third, we examine the territorial entanglements and disentanglements that characterise international schools. Finally, we investigate the tensions induced by a cosmopolitan educational ethos whose discourse of inclusion is inevitably paired with practices of exclusion

Paris, a capital issue : power, rivalries and strategies for political control of the development of Paris

L’élection du socialiste Bertrand Delanoë en 2001 à la mairie de Paris marque une rupture majeure dans l’histoire de la capitale : Paris n’est plus le bastion du conservatisme qu’elle fut au XXe siècle. Dans le même temps, la ville connaît de profonds bouleversements sociologiques et démographiques : elle cesse de perdre des habitants, rajeunit et s’embourgeoise.L’analyse géopolitique s’avère féconde pour analyser ces mutations inédites. En effet, depuis 1977, le pouvoir municipal parisien, qui représente une position de pouvoir unique en France, est l’objet d’intenses rivalités. Longtemps ignorées dans le champ de la géographie et des sciences politiques, celles-ci constituent, pourtant, un facteur explicatif essentiel des dynamiques politiques et urbaines. Cette thèse ambitionne de les analyser. Elle s’appuie à la fois sur un riche corpus de données électorales, et sur des enquêtes de terrain menées dans l’Est parisien et dans le 16e arrondissement.Dans un premier temps, cette thèse montre que l’alternance politique de 2001 ne résulte pas de clefs d’analyse simples : le mouvement de gentrification, les divisions de la droite parisienne ou le contexte politique national. Elle analyse les stratégies territorialisées des acteurs politiques qui constituent de puissants systèmes géopolitiques locaux.Dans un second temps, cette thèse met en valeur les enjeux géopolitiques de l’aménagement de la capitale. Les politiques publiques d’aménagement occupent désormais une place centrale dans les stratégies électorales de l’ensemble des acteurs politiques. Tout comme leur contestation, qui donne lieu à des conflits d’aménagement locaux qui fragilisent le pouvoir municipal parisien.The election of the socialist Bertrand Delanoë as mayor of Paris in 2001 marks a major turning point in the history of the capital: Paris is no longer the bastion of conservatism it was throughout the twentieth century. At the same time, the city is undergoing profound sociological and demographic changes: the capital continues to lose people, while rejuvenating and undergoing gentrification.A geopolitical analysis is fruitful when it comes to studying these unprecedented changes. Since 1977, the Parisian municipal authority, which is in a unique position of power in France, has been the subject of intense rivalries. Long ignored in the field of geography and political science, these rivalries are, however, a key factor in explaining policy and urban dynamics. This thesis intends to analyze them. It relies both on a rich body of electoral data, and on field surveys carried out in neighborhoods of eastern Paris and in the 16th arrondissement.Firstly, this thesis shows that the political change in 2001 was not the result of one single factor: the movement towards gentrification, divisions in the Parisian right or the national political context. In order to highlight what makes Parisian municipal elections unique, it is more appropriate to analyze the strategies of the key political players that focus on specific local issues. These are at the heart of local geopolitical systems.Secondly, this thesis highlights the geopolitical issues of the development of the capital. Public planning policies now occupy a central place in the electoral strategies of all political players. As does opposition to them, resulting in local planning disputes that undermine Parisian municipal power

Cosmopolitan enclaves: An introduction

Cosmopolitan enclaves emerge at the intersection of global dynamics and local contexts as spaces where the cultivation of a cosmopolitan ethos encounters processes of socio-spatial boundary work and segregation. In the introduction to this special issue, we discuss under which circumstances the intention to cultivate open-mindedness goes hand in hand with keeping the local environment at bay. We argue that ethnographic attention to cosmopolitan enclaves may help bridge macro-level observations regarding globalization and its graduated sovereignties with the micro-level understanding of actual day-to-day interactions and boundary work within concrete spaces. We thus address the paradox of the omnipresence of enclaves in a global world and analyse the ambiguous aspirations and expectations derived from cosmopolitan ideals and how they relate to (under)privilege. While cosmopolitan aspirations exist alongside reproductions of postcolonial representations and hierarchies, they may also express the will to resist the politics of exclusion by demarcating an alternative safe haven

Les temporalités de l'éducation internationale : Pratiques et technologies de l'accélération sociale

L'école est un lieu où sont mis en acte quotidiennement des temporalités spécifiques dans les pratiques éducatives des enseignantes et enseignants, tant au sein des classes que dans les autres espaces des établissements. Cet article, basé sur une recherche ethnographique dans plus de 15 écoles en Suisse, s'intéresse à la temporalité accélérée qui prédomine dans les écoles dites « internationales », dont l'expansion est massive depuis les années 2000. Nous suggérons que les écoles internationales, qui posent explicitement le lien entre condition cosmopolite et incertitude comme contexte de formation, visent à former des élèves autonomes et capables de répondre aux exigences de flexibilité et de mobilité qui caractérisent le modèle de l'entreprise multinationale. Dans ce contexte, l'article argumente que c'est notamment par la dimension temporelle des technologies d'enseignement propres au champ de l'éducation internationale que les avantages initiaux de la position des élèves sont maintenus voire accrus. Le processus d'autonomisation des élèves que nous décrivons prend plusieurs formes – temporelles et spatiales – qui constituent les deux axes de l'article : l'un aborde la temporalité accélérée qui prédomine dans l'espace de l'école, et l'autre aborde les effets des reconfigurations spatiales de l'école sur les temporalités d'apprentissage. Finalement, l'article discute la position ambivalente des enseignants face à ces transformations du temps scolaire, entre adhésion au potentiel émancipateur qu'elles apportent à la relation pédagogique et précarisation de leurs conditions cadres

Corporate Cosmopolitanism: Making an Asset of Diversity and Mobility at Swiss International Schools

This article explores the subjective spatial relations that international schools in Switzerland seek to produce within the cosmopolitan enclaves they form. Based on ethnographic fieldwork at 21 international schools in Switzerland, we scrutinize practices related to diversity and mobility, which international schools construe as the main vehicles leading to the desired attributes of cosmopolitanism and which have historically constituted the defining pillars of international education. The article critically analyses the ambiguities of this emerging denationalised model that claims to foster a cosmopolitan worldview in students by drawing on the ideal of the richness of diversified societies while simultaneously restricting the benefits of “cosmopolitan capital” to members of the transnational upper classes. By tracking the underlying epistemology and the embodiment of diversity and mobility, we are able to trace a continuity between international schools and transnational corporations—the model with which the schools resonate. Our study thus supplements analyses of cosmopolitan capital by focusing on how a flexible, corporate-inspired conception of cosmopolitanism is instilled from the earliest stages of education, thus shedding light on a paradoxical interplay of cosmopolitanism and space, wherein the praised capacity of international students to adapt to various settings goes hand in hand with their relative isolation from the local environment and its potential frictions

Boissons light et édulcorants (en chirurgie dentaire, peut-on encore les conseiller à nos patients?)

La consommation de boissons light connait un essor particulièrement important depuis plus d'une décennie. Elle est généralement associée à la représentation d'une alimentation plus saine et respectueuse de la santé. Mais qu'en est-il réellement de ses impacts sur la santé bucco-dentaire? Après une analyse des différents édulcorants ainsi que de leurs intêrets nutritionnels, nous traiterons des effets bucco-dentaires de la consommation de boissons light, et notamment des conséquences de l'acidité qu'elle entretient en bouche. Enfin, une enquête menée auprès de diététiciens, nous permettra de connaitre et comprendre leurs avis ainsi que les recommandations qu'ils portent à leurs patients.Diet drink's consumption is experiencing an important development for more than a decade. It is usually associated with the representation of a healthier diet and way of life. But what about its actual impact on oral health? After an analysis of various sweeteners and their nutritionnal interests, we will discuss the oral effects of diet drinks consumption, particularly the acidity effects on oral cavity. Finally, a survey conducted with dieticians will allow us to know and understand their opinions and recommandations for their patients.LILLE2-UFR Odontologie (593502202) / SudocSudocFranceF